Beginning in the 1980s, the term hate crime became part of the research canon of criminologists across the United States. Researchers have examined the characteristics of hate crime victims, offenders, and offenses. However, little is known about the context of hate crime, and more specifically about the ways that the changing demographics of the United States have contributed to hate crime. Th...

transnational organized crime, is one of the most important problem of international community in21 century.at the late of 20 century, international community and united nations organization due to unification, cooperation, harmonization, conclude a convention to combat such actions . this document was named (united nations convention against transnational organized crime), which completed with...

Beginning with the moral statisticians Guerry and Quetelet and continuing to the present, criminologists have repeatedly shown that serious crime rates vary across geographic units. The most prominent framework for explaining this variation is the macrosocial perspective, which asserts that the crime rate is a reflection of social organization. In this paper, I review research from the past few...

Containing the spread of crime in urban societies remains a major challenge. Empirical evidence suggests that, if left unchecked, crimes may be recurrent and proliferate. On the other hand, eradicating a culture of crime may be difficult, especially under extreme social circumstances that impair the creation of a shared sense of social responsibility. Although our understanding of the mechanism...

Russian organized crime (ROC) is an umbrella phrase that captures a variety of crime groups and criminal activities. Our focus in this report is on the groups and the activities present in the United States. In some instances, the crimes and the forms of criminal organization here differ from those of ROC in Russia or elsewhere in the world. This may be a result of differing external environmen...

First, this article explores the role of international criminal trails and truth commissions in resisting narratives of collective guilt and producing a different sort of collective memory, helping the society-and the watching world-not merely recall but also re-member, that is, to reconstitute a community of humanity against which there can be crimes (hence, “crimes against humanity”), and wit...