Pathogen exit is a key stage in the spread and propagation of infectious disease, with the fecal-oral route being a common mode of disease transmission. However, it is poorly understood which molecular pathways provide the major modes for intracellular pathogen exit and fecal-oral transmission in vivo. Here, we use the transparent nematode Caenorhabditis elegans to investigate intestinal cell e...

Pasteurella multocida, a gram-negative coccobacillus, part of the normal oral flora many domestic and wild mammals, has been described widespread veterinary pathogen potential to cause zoonotic infections in humans resulting from injuries caused by household or pets.

Paecilomyces Sp. are saprophytic fungi, which have rarely been pathogen for human. Herein, we report a case of cutaneous infection with Paecilomyces lilacinus with unusual presentations in a healthy young woman. A biopsy provided an initial diagnosis of fungal elements in the tissue. Multiple positive fungal cultures were obtained from the biopsied tissue. Microscopic and macroscopic examinatio...

Francisella tularensis is a gram-negative facultative intracellular pathogen and the causative agent of tularemia. Little is known about the immunopathogenesis of oral infection with this pathogen. Here, for the first time, we examined the susceptibility of mice to intragastric inoculation with virulent type A F. tularensis and characterized the course of infection and the associated host respo...

Campylobacter concisus, a member of the human’s oral microflora, is Gram-negative, fastidious, microaerophilic bacterium. However, it debatable whether should be recognised as commensal human cavity, or an opportunistic pathogen has been linked to and gastrointestinal infections. But there no doubt that its biofilm-forming capacity enhanced survival mechanism pathogen. Hence, through our invest...

Mucosal epithelial surfaces, such as line the oral cavity, are common sites of microbial colonization by bacteria, yeast and fungi. The microbial interactions involve adherence between the glycans on the host cells and the carbohydrate-binding proteins of the pathogen. Saliva constantly bathes the buccal cells of the epithelial surface of the mouth and we postulate that the sugars on the saliva...