the parafascicular nucleus (pfn) of thalamus, as a supraspinal structure, has an important role in processing of nociceptive information. in addition, μ-opioid receptor contributes to supraspinal modulation of nociception. in the present study, the effects of microinjection of naloxone (a non-specific opioid-receptor antagonist) and naloxonazine (a specific μ-opioid receptor antagonist) were in...

Introduction: Genes often have multiple polymorphisms that interact with each other and the environment in different individuals. Variability in the opioid receptors can influence opiate withdrawal and dependence. In humans, A118G Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNP) on μ-Opioid Receptor (MOR), 36 G>T in κ-Opioid Receptor (KOR), and T921C in the δ-Opioid Receptor (DOR) have been...

The parafascicular nucleus (PFN) of thalamus, as a supraspinal structure, has an important role in processing of nociceptive information. In addition, μ-opioid receptor contributes to supraspinal modulation of nociception. In the present study, the effects of microinjection of naloxone (a non-specific opioid-receptor antagonist) and naloxonazine (a specific μ-opioid receptor antagonist) were in...

in the present study, the effect of gaba (γ-aminobutyric acid) receptor agonists and antagonists on morphine-induced antinociception was investigated in formalin test in rats. intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of different doses of morphine (1, 3, 6 and 9 mg/kg) and intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of different doses of muscimol (0.5, 1 and 2 g/rat) or baclofen (0.25, 0.5 and 1 g/rat) ...

Opioid and opioid-like receptors are activated by a variety of endogenous peptides including [Met]enkephalin (met), [Leu]enkephalin (leu), β-endorphin (β-end), α-neodynorphin, dynorphin A (dynA), B (dynB), big (Big dyn), nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ); endomorphin-1 endomorphin-2 also potential peptides. The Greek letter nomenclature for the opioid receptors, μ, δ κ, is well established, NC-IUP...

Opioids are a mainstay in acute pain management and produce their effects side (e.g., tolerance, opioid-use disorder immune suppression) by interaction with opioid receptors. I will discuss pharmacology some controversial areas of enquiry anaesthetic relevance. The main target is the µ (mu,MOP) receptor but other members family, δ (delta; DOP) κ (kappa; KOP) receptors also analgesic actions. Th...

In the present study, the effect of GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) receptor agonists and antagonists on morphine-induced antinociception was investigated in formalin test in rats. Intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of different doses of morphine (1, 3, 6 and 9 mg/kg) and intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of different doses of muscimol (0.5, 1 and 2 g/rat) or baclofen (0.25, 0.5 and 1 g/rat) ...

Mu-opioid receptor (MOR) signaling regulates multiple neuronal pathways, including those involved in pain, reward, and respiration. To advance the understanding of MOR's roles pain modulation, there is a need for high-throughput screening methods opioids vitro high-resolution mapping brain. fill this need, we designed characterized genetically encoded fluorescent reporter, called Single-chain P...

objective(s): morphine dependence (md) potently protects heart against ischemia reperfusion (ir) injury through specific signaling mechanisms, which are different from the pathways involved in acute morphine treatment or classical preconditioning. since opioid receptor density changes post cerebral ischemia strongly correlated with brain histological damage, in the present study, we tried to el...