This paper examines how interest group pressure influences the choice of trade negotiation strategies. Political economy studies have largely focused on explanations of protectionism, and export promotion has received less attention. Similarly, institutional studies give more attention to why states choose to violate or comply with international rules, without examining the decision by states t...

To implement trade-off in automated negotiations is one of important aspects in the development of electronic commerce. And the precondition needs to establish a negotiation model. Introduced fuzzy set theory based on games theory; therefore, Introduced fuzzy set theory based on games theory, this paper puts forward a strategy model of the trade negotiations. In this model, firstly we complete ...

Automated negotiation is a key form of interaction in systems that are composed of multiple autonomous agents. The aim of such interactions is to reach agreements through an iterative process of making offers. The content of such proposals are, however, a function of the strategy of the agents. Here we present a strategy called the trade-off strategy where multiple negotiation decision variable...

a r t i c l e i n f o JEL classification: F1 F4 Q43 N75 Keywords: Oil price shock Trade balance VAR Granger non-causality test Gregory-Hansen cointegration test This study aims to examine whether a large part of the variability of trade balances and their oil and non-oil components is associated with oil price fluctuations. The long-run causality running from oil price to overall, oil and non-o...

Since the establishment of diplomatic ties between China and Korea in 1992, the bilateral economic and trade relations developed rapidly, two nations have become important trade partner and investment object country each other. Especially entered into 21st century, as the continuous changes of the world economic pattern and rising tide of regional economic cooperation, the Sino-Korea free trade...

Complex design involves trade-offs and teamwork. To make collaborative design decisions, designers must negotiate with each other to resolve their discrepancies through exploring the design space, generating new ideas and compromising for agreement. Advances in negotiation research have been made in social psychology, distributed artificial intelligence, and decision theory. But few have been a...

This paper develops a fuzzy constraint based model for bilateral multi-issue negotiation in trading environments. In particular, we are concerned with the principled negotiation approach in which agents seek to strike a fair deal for both parties, but which, nevertheless, maximises their own payoff. Thus, there are elements of both competition and cooperation in the negotiation (hence semicompe...

The article depicts the situation before Cold War in which developing countries (DCs) and least Developed countries (LDCs) found themselves big loser, as they were deprived from participation in trade negotiation process, leading into establishment of GATT . Therefore, they resorted to UNCTAD  as the sole defender of their interests against Developed Countries in trade negotiations. UNCTAD has ...

International trade negotiations among national governments and organizations are usually arduous and complicated. We propose a framework that supports government to government negotiation. With this framework, governments can keep track of previous negotiations using a database of negotiation records in an electronic platform. Moreover, the framework supports searching, sharing and learning pa...