The paper analyzes how social barriers to communication affect economy-wide productivity and factor accumulation. Using a dynamic model of an economy that includes a reproducible capital stock (physical or human) and effective labor, a negative relationship is shown to exist between social barriers to communication and total factor productivity (TFP), per capita consumption and reproducible cap...

Several political and economic factors are involved in choosing exchange rate policy in Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) countries. In the present study, these factors  have been investigated with an emphasis on OCA and political economic factors during 1990 -2014. The result shows that OCA and political economic factors as well as tradable sector are influential on exchange rate poli...

A series of 3-monohydroxylated bile acids, in unlabeled and radioactive form, of varying side chain length and configuration at C-3 has been synthesized and rigorously characterized. They include: 3 alpha- and 3 beta-hydroxy-5 beta-androstane-17 beta-carboxylic acids (C20); 3 alpha- and 3 beta-hydroxy-5 beta-pregnan-21-oic acids (C21); 3 alpha- and 3 beta-hydroxy-23,24-bisnor-5 beta-cholan-22-o...

abstract in this paper, markov chain and dynamic programming were used to represent a suitable pattern for tax relief and tax evasion decrease based on tax earnings in iran from 2005 to 2009. results, by applying this model, showed that tax evasion were 6714 billion rials**. with 4% relief to tax payers and by calculating present value of the received tax, it was reduced to 3108 billion rials. ...

p eople’s business credit program (kur) has been launched to alleviate poverty through provision of micro financing to micro entrepreneurs in indonesia this study aims to estimate the impact of kur program using cross-sectional data and propensity score matching technique (psm). the survey was conducted on 332 household entrepreneurs, consisting of 155 kur receivers and 177 non-kur receivers. r...

We modify a previously suggested GMM estimator in a spatial panel regression model by taking into account the difference between disturbances and regression residuals and derive its asymptotic properties. Simulation results and an empirical application to Indonesian rice data illustrate the improvement in finite samples. JEL Classification: C13, C21

in this paper, economic convergence in selected oic (36 countries) is studied. the convergence hypothesis is tested through three approaches: beta convergence, sigma convergence, and time series model. ols is used for estimating the cross section model and cross variance is used to test the distributive model. for analyzing time series model, we used augmented dicky fuller test. beta convergenc...

This appendix includes material supplementing the manuscript “Survey mode effects on income inequality measurement.” It includes background information in Section 1, an extended description of the methods used in Section 2 as well as robustness checks and additional results in Section 3. JEL Classification: C14, C21, C81, C83, D31

Inflation targeting framework has become a predominant monetary approach across the globe. Williams (2015) believes that in a very real sense, almost all economies are inflation targeters -either explicit or implicit- now.(1) Due to the increasing spread of this policy, it is necessary to consider the way it affects macroeconomic variables. using prevalent economic models for evaluating the eff...

 The importance of community's health followed by the consideration of endogenous growth models has led to an increase in health expenditure of countries to speed up economic growth and development. This has made the efficiency of health production function to an essential issue especially in developing countries. Based upon this, the present study with employing the stochastic frontier analysi...