Oligogalacturonides (OGs) released from plant cell walls by pathogen polygalacturonases induce a variety of host defense responses. Here we show that in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), OGs increase resistance to the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea independently of jasmonate (JA)-, salicylic acid (SA)-, and ethylene (ET)-mediated signaling. Microarray analysis showed that about...

The Internet has been increasingly used to facilitate online business transactions between business entities and consumers for various products and services. One of the applications that has received much attention in the last few years is Online Grocery Shopping (OGS). There is, however, no concrete evidence that OGS has been widely adopted as initially predicted. To enrich the existing studie...

alpha-1,4-Linked oligogalacturonides (OGs) inhibit auxin-regulated transcriptional activation of a rolB-beta-glucuronidase (GUS) gene fusion in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) leaf explants (D. Bellincampi, M. Cardarelli, D. Zaghi, G. Serino, G. Salvi, C. Gatz, F. Cervone, M. M. Altamura, P. Costantino, G. De Lorenzo [1996] Plant Cell 8: 477-487). In this paper we show that inhibition by OGs is ver...

INTRODUCTION This treatment-outcome assessment objectively compares Invisalign (Align Technology, Santa Clara, Calif) treatment with braces. METHODS This study, a retrospective cohort analysis, was conducted in New York, NY, in 2004. Records from 2 groups of 48 patients (Invisalign and braces groups) were evaluated by using methods from the American Board of Orthodontics Phase III examination...

We have revisited the question of the association of CO emission with IRAS sources in the outer Galaxy using data from the FCRAO Outer Galaxy Survey (OGS). The availability of a large-scale high-resolution CO survey allows us to approach the question of IRAS-CO associations from a new direction namely we examined all of the IRAS sources within the OGS region for associated molecular material. B...

We present a study of the classification of z∼ 1 extremely red objects (EROs), using a combination of Hubble Space Telescope (HST ) Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS), Spitzer Infrared Array Camera (IRAC), and ground-based images of the COSMOS field. Our sample includes ∼ 5300 EROs with i − Ks ≥ 2.45 (AB, equivalently I − Ks = 4 in Vega) and Ks ≤ 21.1 (AB). For EROs in our sample, we compute, us...

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the relationship between pretreatment case complexity and orthodontic treatment outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS The total sample contained 1693 cases (853 females and 840 males, mean age  =  16.3 years) from the archives of postgraduate orthodontic clinics. The complexity of each case was evaluated using the American Board of Orthodontics (ABO) Discrepancy Index (DI), an...

The identification of orthologous relationships forms the basis for most comparative genomics studies. Here, we present the second version of the eggNOG database, which contains orthologous groups (OGs) constructed through identification of reciprocal best BLAST matches and triangular linkage clustering. We applied this procedure to 630 complete genomes (529 bacteria, 46 archaea and 55 eukaryot...