background the hippocampus is responsible for memory. a diet full of antioxidants improves brain damage and cognitive function. regard the antioxidant effects of zingiber officinalis (ginger) and its flavonoids components. objectives the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the extract of ginger on memory by using hippocampus tissue of the male offspring of rats. materials and method...

Female extra-pair reproduction in socially monogamous systems is predicted to cause cuckolded socially-paired males to conditionally reduce paternal care, causing selection against extra-pair reproduction and underlying polyandry. However, existing models and empirical studies have not explicitly considered that cuckolded males might be related to their socially-paired female and/or to her extr...

Parental investment in reproduction is adjusted according to potential benefits in terms of offspring survival and/or mating success. If male quality affects the reproductive success of a female, then females mating with high-quality males should invest more in reproduction. Although the subject has been of general interest, further experimental verification of the hypothesis is needed. We stud...

Previous work has suggested an association between male subfertility and a female-biased offspring sex ratio. This study of the reproduction of men who had a semen analysis at the Sperm Analysis Laboratory in Copenhagen in the period 1963-1993 showed that the subfertile men had an offspring sex ratio as expected (51.0% boys versus 51.3%, P: = 0.56), and within the cohort, the offspring sex rati...

Ongoing evolution of polyandry, and consequent extra-pair reproduction in socially monogamous systems, is hypothesized to be facilitated by indirect selection stemming from cross-sex genetic covariances with components of male fitness. Specifically, polyandry is hypothesized to create positive genetic covariance with male paternity success due to inevitable assortative reproduction, driving ong...

spermatids are the earliest male germ cells with one set of haploid chromosomes. after experiments, mainly in rodents, the spermatid injection was introduced in human assisted reproduction to the treatment of men with non-obstructive azoospermia. spermatid injection is a technique with particular difficulties that may negatively influence the outcome. the identification, isolation and the asses...

The forces driving the evolution of extra-pair reproduction in socially monogamous animals remain widely debated and unresolved. One key hypothesis is that female extra-pair reproduction evolves through indirect genetic benefits, reflecting increased additive genetic value of extra-pair offspring. Such evolution requires that a female's propensity to produce offspring that are sired by an extra...

Helpers in cooperatively breeding species forego all or part of their reproduction when remaining at home and assisting breeders to raise offspring. Different models of reproductive skew generate alternative predictions about the share of reproduction unrelated subordinates will get depending on the degree of ecological constraints. Concession models predict a larger share when independent bree...

Exercise improves health but few data are available regarding benefits of exercise in offspring exposed to developmental programming. There is currently a worldwide epidemic of obesity. Obesity in pregnant women predisposes offspring to obesity. Maternal obesity has well documented effects on offspring reproduction. Few studies address ability of offspring exercise to reduce adverse outcomes. W...

How is sexual conflict during reproduction resolved when parents collaborate to rear offspring? A new study shows that female burying beetles communicate their hormonal status to their male partners to avoid costly superfluous mating, using an anti-aphrodisiac pheromone.