To improve energy efficiency—during new buildings design or during a building retrofit—evaluating the energy savings potential of energy conservation measures (ECMs) is a critical task. In building retrofits, occupant behavior significantly impacts building energy use and is a leading factor in uncertainty when determining the effectiveness of retrofit ECMs. Current simulation-based assessment ...

In renovations of occupied buildings, identification of occupant interactions, which occur when tenants and/or crews share the same space, is a critical task to ensure the timely execution of renovation work while maintaining the operational requirements of building tenants. Failure to identify occupant interactions can lead to loss in productivity for tenants and crews, as well as cost and sch...

This paper presents a preliminary study on occupant behavior modeling for estimating high-resolution electricity demand profile of residential buildings. First, the existing occupant behavior models are considered. We then introduce an occupant behavior model developed on the basis of the approach employed in an existing model and an energy demand model that uses the output of the occupant beha...

Vehicle roll direction and occupant position have been shown to affect occupant kinematics. Data from NASS-CDS were analyzed for risk of serious or greater injuries and ejection with respect to the position of the occupant (near side or far side). The risk of AIS 3+ injuries was higher for unrestrained occupants, for ejected occupants, for occupants involved in rollovers with higher numbers of ...

Airbag deployment has been known to be responsible for huge death, incidental injuries and broken bones due to low crash severity and wrong deployment decisions. Therefore, the authorities and industries have been looking for more innovative and intelligent products to be realized for future enhancements in the vehicle safety systems (VSSs). Although the VSSs technologies have advanced consider...

the purpose of this research is to found the impact of built area and occupant number on winter gas consumption in the residential building sector of iran, shiraz.sothe annually and monthly gas consumption data through 19 houses were analyzed to achieve the heating energy consumption and operation month.the average operation months of gas heating consumption were from first of november up to en...

In this paper, the performance of Belgian building code compliant residential ventilation systems is evaluated on multiple performance indicators: occupant exposure to bio-effluents, occupant exposure to other use-related pollutants (odours) and occupant exposure to building material emissions. The fitness of the proposed criteria in this context is then discussed in a broader context and this ...

Plug load and Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems are the two largest energy consumers in commercial buildings. The use of the 2 systems is closely related to occupant behavior and schedule. It is significant to learn the occupant behavior pattern and predict occupancy schedule for controlling the systems to save energy. A data mining study is performed on the office applian...

In a frontal vehicle crash, for a given crash velocity and given maximum vehicle crush, with a known restraint characteristic, what is the vehicle pulse, subject to lower and upper bound constraints, that produces the lowest peak occupant deceleration? A solution procedure using numerical optimization is proposed. The pulse is discretized in the vehicle crush domain. The optimization search is ...

Digital human modeling (DHM), as a convenient and cost-effective tool, is increasingly incorporated into product and workplace design. In product design, it is predominantly used for the development of driver-vehicle systems. Most digital human modeling software tools, such as JACK, RAMSIS and DELMIA HUMANBUILDER provide functions to predict posture and positions for drivers with selected anthr...