isolate more phages in Brazil and neighboring countries. To date, serotyping is the only identification tool for the characterization of non-O1 strains of V. cholerae (8). However, serotyping is only performed at a limited number of laboratories. For this study, all isolates from Brazil were sent to laboratories outside the country for serotyping. This step was expensive and timeconsuming and p...

Polar flagellin proteins from Aeromonas hydrophila strain AH-3 (serotype O34) were found to be O-glycosylated with a heterogeneous glycan. Mutants unable to produce WecP or Gne enzymes showed altered motility, and the study of their polar flagellin glycosylation showed that the patterns of glycosylation differed from that observed with wild type polar flagellin. This suggested the involvement o...

The mesophilic Aeromonas hydrophila AH-3 (serotype O34) strain shows two different UDP-hexose epimerases in its genome: GalE (EC 3.1.5.2) and Gne (EC 3.1.5.7). Similar homologues were detected in the different mesophilic Aeromonas strains tested. GalE shows only UDP-galactose 4-epimerase activity, while Gne is able to perform a dual activity (mainly UDP-N-acetyl galactosamine 4-epimerase and al...

Do intellectual property rights influence multinationals’ manufacturing location decisions? My theoretical model indicates that countries with strong patent laws attract multinational activity, but only in sectors with relatively long product life cycles. By contrast, firms with short life-cycle technologies are insensitive, because offshore imitation is less likely to succeed before obsolescen...

We show that, even in a framework in which monopolistic exploitation of patents does not occur, patents still give rise to serious drawbacks. We build on Weitzman’s (1998) recombinant growth model which provides a stylized but clear description of the formation of knowledge externalities. In our framework a benevolent government buys immediately new patents in a competitive market and releases ...

Numerous attempts have been made to identify the optimal mix of patent breadth and patent life. Unfortunately, the range of contradictory results reported in literature is rather impressive. The aim of this note is to develop a very stylised model that encompasses a variety of different findings, and to derive a general rule for the optimal patent policy. JEL classification: O34, O31.

We propose a new method to estimate and isolate the localization of knowledge spillovers due physical presence person, using after-application but pre-grant deaths differently located coinventors same patent. The approach estimates differences in local citations between deceased still-living inventors at increasingly distant radii. Patents receive 26 percent fewer from within radius 20 miles ar...

This paper provides a unified framework for quantifying the cross-country and cross-sector interactions among trade, innovation, knowledge diffusion. is used to study effect of trade liberalization in an endogenous growth model which comparative advantage stock are determined by innovation The calibrated match observed heterogeneity production, efficiency, spillovers. counterfactual analysis sh...

Abstract Introduction Ascertaining the practice of colorectal cancer (CRC) resections during COVID-19 pandemic in England and Wales. Method A list all multi-disciplinary teams (MDTs) was obtained from National Bowel Cancer Audit (NBOCA) database. survey designed using Google Forms emailed to at least one consultant surgeon each MDT. One response per MDT used analysis. All responses were anonymo...