We use the abbreviation x1:k for x1, . . . , xk, o1:k for o1, . . . ok, h1:k for h1, . . . , hk. The sequence of DDO times up to observation time tk is denoted τ (1, k) = {ti : hi = 1, i = 1, . . . , k}. Forward functions are defined as αtk(u) = P [o1:k, τ (1, k),h1:k, Xk = u] and backward functions as βtk(u) = P[ok+1:n, τ (k + 1, n),hk+1:n|Xk = u]. The forward function is initialized with αt1(...

The emergence and spread of Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor variant strains causing severe diarrhea has been witnessed worldwide in recent years. In the state of Odisha, India, the spread of the V. cholerae O1 El Tor variant strains was studied during outbreaks in 2008 and 2009. Analysis of 194 V. cholerae O1 Ogawa strains revealed that V. cholerae O1 El Tor variant strains are spreading gradually th...

Vibrio cholerae are Gram-negative bacteria that are differentiated into O1/O139 and non-O1/non-O139 serogroups depending on their ability to agglutinate with specific antiserum. In contrast to non-O1/non-0139 Vibrio cholerae, which are more prone to invade the bloodstream, Vibrio cholerae O1 is rarely the cause of bacteremia. We report a case of O1 Vibrio cholera bacteremia and primary peritoni...

In this section we show that our rules from Figure 2 are sound for MTAL0, assuming no type abstraction or type naming is present. We begin by stating some lemmas about MTAL0 (Figure 4). Lemma 2.1 (Preservation) If ` O1 link O2 ; O then ` O Lemma 2.2 (Associativity of link) If ` (O1 link O2) link O3 ; O then ` O1 link (O2 link O3) ; O. Lemma 2.3 (Commutativity of link) If ` O1 link O2 ; O then `...

A total of 31 strains of Vibrio cholerae O1 (10 from outbreak cases and 7 from surface water) and non-O1 (4 from clinical and 10 from surface water sources) isolated between 1993 and 1997 were examined with respect to presence of cholera enterotoxin (CT) gene by PCR-based assays, resistance to antibiotics, plasmid profiles and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. All were resistant...

To determine the pandemic potential of Vibrio cholerae, one must demonstrate both the presence of O1 antigen and the production of enterotoxin (CT). Tissue culture or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for CT have been limited to research and reference laboratories. A kit for detecting CT by reversed passive latex agglutination is now commercially available and was used to test 168 str...

Klebsiella pneumoniae is the common cause of a global emerging infectious disease, community-acquired pyogenic liver abscess (PLA). Capsular polysaccharide (CPS) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) are critical for this microorganism's ability to spread through the blood and to cause sepsis. While CPS type K1 is an important virulence factor in K. pneumoniae causing PLA, the role of LPS in PLA is not ...

A novel, sensitive locus-specific touchdown-multiplex polymerase chain reaction (TMPCR), which is based on two-stage amplification pertaining to multiplex PCR and conditional touchdown strategy, was used in detecting and differentiating Vibrio cholerae serogroups. A panel of molecular marker-based TMPCR method generates reproducible profiles of V. cholerae-specific (588 bp) amplicons derived fr...

Genes located on the CTX element and the Vibrio cholerae pathogenicity island (VPI) were investigated in 297 clinical V. cholerae O1 and 76 environmental O1 and non-O1 isolates from Brazil between 1991 and 1999. RAPD analysis suggested that serogroup O1 strains regardless of clinical or environmental source were clonal while non-O1 strains showed greater diversity. PCR analysis showed that 71% ...