our purpose was to determine the effect of epidural analgesia on nulliparous labor and delivery. nonnal term nulliparous women in spontaneous labor were divided into two groups in a quazi-experimental study, 100 in each group. the first group received epidural analgesia and the second had no analgesia at all. in the first group, an epidural catheter was placed in 3-4 cm cervical dilatation and ...

abstract physiologists have shown that increased fluids improve skeletal muscle performance in prolonged exercise. typical orders provide for 125 ml of intravenous fluids per hour in patients taking limited oral fluids during labor. our purpose in this study was to determine whether increased intravenous fluids affect the progress oflabor. in a prospective randomized institutional clinical tria...

OBJECTIVE To examine predictors of health care providers perceiving intrauterine devices (IUDs) as unsafe for nulliparous women and of infrequent provision of IUDs to nulliparous women. METHODS We analyzed questionnaire data obtained during December 2009 to March 2010 from 635 office-based providers (physicians) and 1,323 Title X clinic providers (physicians, physician assistants, certified n...

The physiology of mood regulation in the postpartum is poorly understood despite the fact that postpartum depression (PPD) is a common pathology. Serotonergic mechanisms and their dysfunction are widely presumed to be involved, which has led us to investigate whether lactation induces changes in central or peripheral serotonin (5-HT) systems and related affective behaviors. Brain sections from ...

Central prolactin (PRL) modulates neuronal activity, which is physiologically relevant and behaviorally meaningful. The stimulatory or inhibitory behavioral effects of exogenous PRL are strongly associated with dose and time of treatment. Central PRL injections produce a dual modulation of striatal dopaminergic responses in males. The activity of the striatal monoaminergic system can be modulat...

Early parity reduces the risk of breast cancer in women while nulliparity and late parity increase the risk of breast cancer. In order to translate this protection to women where early pregnancy is not feasible, much work has focused on understanding how parity confers protection against breast cancer, the molecular mechanisms by which this occurs is still not well understood. Healthy parous an...

Fifteen nulliparous and nine multiparous Serrana goats were used, through two successive oestrous cycles, in order to characterize their ovulation time with regard to the number of ovulations after induced and natural oestrus during the breeding season. The onset of oestrus was detected by the amount of vasectomized bucks after oestrus synchronization with prostaglandin, given 10 days apart, an...

backgroundalthough exclusive breastfeeding (ebf) is highly emphasized by the experts, nulliparous women do not adhere to this behavior at a desirable level. since it seems that mothers’ beliefs and values play an important role in their adherence to these behaviors, the present study, aimed to perform a careful analysis of the behavior and evaluation of factors associated with the ebf in nullip...

Background & aim: The enhancement of childbirth self-efficacy to manage the labor pain can help the nulliparous pregnant women to make informed choice about vaginal delivery. Regarding the relationship of the childbirth self-efficacy with psychological antecedents, the present study aimed to explore the meditating role of alexithymia in the relationship of attachment styles and childbirth self-...