The present study demonstrated that 5-HT receptor mRNA was expressed with moderate level in the NRM neurons. Most of 5-HT 1A 1A receptor mRNA positive cells were 5-HT neurons, suggesting the majority of 5-HT receptor in the NRM might be autoreceptors. Eight 1A hours after carrageenan inflammation, the expression of 5-HT receptor mRNA in the NRM neurons, especially in the 5-HT neurons, 1A was si...

We propose Neural Responding Machine (NRM), a neural network-based response generator for Short-Text Conversation. NRM takes the general encoder-decoder framework: it formalizes the generation of response as a decoding process based on the latent representation of the input text, while both encoding and decoding are realized with recurrent neural networks (RNN). The NRM is trained with a large ...

Chronic pain is thought to be partly caused by a loss of GABAergic inhibition and resultant neuronal hyperactivation in the central pain-modulating system, but the underlying mechanisms for pain-modulating neurons in the brain are unclear. In this study, we investigated the cellular mechanisms for activation of brainstem descending pain facilitation in rats under persistent pain conditions. In ...

Introduction: The antinociceptive effect of morphine is, in part, mediated through the activation of a descending pathway. One of the major components of this pathway is the nucleus raphe magnus (NRM). Our previous study demonstrated the involvement of NRM in the analgesic effect of morphine microinjected into the nucleus cuneiformis (NCF) in a descending manner. The aim of the current study...

Allogeneic Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is the most effective therapy to prevent relapse in acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). This benefit is affected by non-relapse mortality (NRM) due to complications such as graft versus host disease (GVHD). A new approach in analyzing time-dependent covariates in competing risks is landmark analysis. So, the aim of this study is to evaluat...

Natural resource management (NRM) typically involves complex decision problems that affect a wide variety of stakeholder values. More efficient NRM that seeks enhanced environmental, social and financial net benefits necessitates assessments of the environmental impacts, and costs and benefits of management investments in an integrated manner. Integrated assessment (IA) provides an approach to ...

Recently, a novel cholinergic channel modulator, (R)-5-(2-azetidinylmethoxy)-2-chloropyridine (ABT-594), was shown to produce potent analgesia in a variety of rodent pain models when administered either systemically or centrally into the nucleus raphe magnus (NRM). The purpose of the present study was to investigate the possible supraspinal contribution of ABT-594 by assessing its ability to in...

The present study investigated the role of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) on nociception in nucleus raphe magnus (NRM) and the interaction between CGRP and opioid peptides in NRM of rats. CGRP-like immunoreactivity was found at a concentration of 6.0+/-0. 77 pmol/g in NRM tissue of ten samples of rats, suggesting that it may contribute to physiological responses orchestrated by the NRM....

Selective retrograde labelling was used as an autoradiographic method to identify possible excitatory amino acid afferents to nucleus raphe magnus (NRM). Injections of 25-50 nl 10(-2) or 10(-3) M D-[3H]aspartate into the NRM resulted in prominent labelling of cells in ventrolateral mesencephalic periaqueductal gray (PAG). Electrophysiologically, stimulation in ventrolateral PAG excited cells in...

Serotonin in the spinal cord acutely modulates nociceptive transmission and motor reflexes and may also assist functional restoration after spinal cord injury (SCI). It is released there mainly by descending axons of the medulla's nucleus raphe magnus (NRM). We examined whether mechanical allodynia (cutaneous hypersensitivity) after incomplete SCI is sustainably reversed by prolonged, intermitt...