according to the civil code, article 663 every action accomplished out of his authority by agents among them the governmental managers is ineffective. but operating this article with respect to governmental contracts especially those which concern to act of state (act jure empirii) creates undesirable effects and make the people distrust to the government and spoil the rights of the persons of ...

Financial instruments are one of the fundamental dimensions of financial markets that guarantee their efficiency and effectiveness of these markets. These instruments playe a main role in economy to direct money from saving sources to investment needs. These instruments provide possibility of financing companies from public and private sources and also are considered as investment instruments f...

in an era of information technology, businesses, through the use of the boundless internet, can enter into international electronic contracts from anywhere in the world. the potential for cross-border disputes in electronic contracts is obviously much greater than in a paper-based environment, where a high degree of commercial contracts are domestic in nature. can the traditional rules on juris...

Nowadays, belief in the criteria and conditions of interactions with an organization to promote customer relationships is somehow tied to the organizational performance, and its final goal is of great importance. In the literature on organizational behavior, this belief is defined as the “psychological contract”. The intention of this mixed research is to identify and discover the contents of p...

intentional assignment of entitlements (as opposed to debts) is a legal institution which is based on the possibility of separation of entitlements from the personality of creditor and of its assignment to a third party. in the voluntary assignment of entitlements, the creditors may assign their rights to a third party. after long discussions, voluntary assignment of rights has been accepted in...

the character of cosmopolitanism in e-commerce disputes is much more complicated than in normal international transactions. internet environment has created challenges and changes about the governing law of contracts in this space. this cyber space has technical and legal differences in compared with physical environment. in this paper, we intend to answer this question that in dispute arising ...

nowadays, belief in the criteria and conditions of interactions with an organization to promote customer relationships is somehow tied to the organizational performance, and its final goal is of great importance. in the literature on organizational behavior, this belief is defined as the “psychological contract”. the intention of this mixed research is to identify and discover the contents of p...