We consider differentiable dynamical systems generated by a diffeomorphism or a vector field on a manifold. We restrict to the finite-dimensional case, although some of the ideas can also be developed in the general case [21]. We also restrict to the behavior near a stationary point or a periodic orbit of a flow. Let the origin 0 of R be a stationary point of a C vector field X, i.e. X(0) = 0. ...