the present study investigated construct equivalence of multiple choice (mc) and constructed response (cr) item types across stem and content equivalent mc and cr items (item type ‘a’), non-stem-equivalent but content equivalent mc and cr items (item type ‘b’), and non-stem and non-content equivalent mc and cr items (item type ‘c’). one hundred seventy english-major undergraduates completed mc ...

In this paper, a non-destructive eddy current test system was designed to evaluate the surface hardness of the carbonitrided steel parts. For this purpose, various samples of the tappet were used after the surface hardening and grinding operations as control samples and, if necessary, were subjected to destructive and non-destructive tests. Microstructural studies were performed with a microsco...

One of the novel ultrasonic phased array based scanning methods for ultrasonic imaging in non-destructive test is total focusing method (TFM). This method employs maximum available information of the phased array elements and leads to an improved defect detection accuracy compared to conventional scanning methods. Despite its high detection accuracy, TFM behaves weak in distinguishing the real ...