In this paper, we show analytically that the duality of normal factor graphs (NFG) can facilitate stochastic estimation of partition functions. In particular, our analysis suggests that for the q−ary two-dimensional nearest-neighbor Potts model, sampling from the primal NFG of the model and sampling from its dual exhibit opposite behaviours with respect to the temperature of the model. For high...

The effect of tryptophan-N-formylated gramicidin (NFG) on the growth of Plasmodium berghei in mice was tested in three different experiments. NFG was shown to be capable of inhibiting the growth of the parasite in a dose-dependent way, although its action did not result in elimination of the parasite and was only temporary, preventing mice from early death, presumably due to cerebral malaria, b...

Diabetes and impaired fasting glucose are associated with incidence of cerebro-/cardio-vascular diseases. This study hypothesized that fasting glycemic status may reflect cerebrovascular risk in non-diabetic Koreans. Fasting glycemic status, lipid profiles, oxidative stress, and inflammation markers were measured in non-diabetic subjects (healthy controls, n = 112 and stroke n = 41). Systolic b...

OBJECTIVE To compare the pathophysiology of impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) in a more comprehensive and standardized fashion than has hitherto been done. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We studied 21 individuals with isolated IFG (IFG/normal glucose tolerance [NGT]), 61 individuals with isolated IGT (normal fasting glucose [NFG]/IGT), and 240 healthy control su...

INTRODUCTION Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a heterogeneous disease. We hypothesized that fasting hyperglycaemia, defined as impaired fasting glycaemia (IFG), is a marker of metabolic heterogeneity of GDM. The aim of this study was to compare selected metabolic parameters in two groups of women with GDM, one with normal fasting glycaemia (NFG GDM) and another with IFG, to test this hypo...

OBJECTIVE To determine whether middle-aged and older individuals with impaired fasting glucose (IFG), but no clinical evidence of cardiovascular disease, exhibit abnormal changes in proximal thoracic aortic stiffness or left ventricular (LV) mass when compared with healthy counterparts. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS From the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, 2,240 subjects with normal fast...

BACKGROUND The aim of the present study was to assess the influence of diabetic and pre-diabetic state on the development of contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) in chronic kidney disease patients undergoing coronary angiography. METHODS A total of 421 patients with Cockcroft clearance between 15 and 60 ml/min were divided into three groups [diabetes mellitus (DM), n = 137; pre-diabetes (pre-DM...

This guideline replaces guideline / NfG Reference.

To evaluate and compare the effects of Bacillus coagulans-fermented Ginkgo biloba (FG) and nonfermented Ginkgo biloba (NFG) on the immunity status of broiler chickens, 180 1-d-old female Arbor Acres chicks were divided into 3 groups and fed either a basal diet, a basal diet supplemented with 0.3% NFG, or a basal diet supplemented with 0.3% FG. Blood samples were taken on the seventh (before vac...

OBJECTIVES To study the association between impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and arterial stiffness in older adults. DESIGN Cross-sectional population-based study. SETTING The Rotterdam Study, a Dutch population-based cohort study. PARTICIPANTS Two thousand nine hundred eighty-seven subjects aged 60 and older. MEASUREMENTS Arterial stiffness assessed by measuring common carotid arterial d...