from the past to the present time, in all civilizations and countries, urbanization is considered the most striking evolution of human societies. with the advent of the industrial revolution and the rapid expansion of cities, societies were faced with numerous problems. one of the most significant problems is extreme centralization in one city or more and fragmentation of urban hierarchical sys...

With the rapid development of social economy, sustainable use land is becoming more and important. Based on GIS remote sensing technology, work processed status data Qingzhen in 2016 2020, obtained dynamic change during period, analyzed its structure, quantity degree. Finally, we used CA-Markov model to obtain flow direction probability type. Results showed that rate non-agricultural increase, ...

the purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting the manufacturing industry wage among selected developing countries based on new economic geography theory. more specifically, we use a panel data model to study the spatial structure of wages in 136 countries for the period 1998-2007. the results indicate that this theory provides a good description of the spatial structure of w...

It is common knowledge that the Australian wine industry has enjoyed remarkable success over the past three decades in terms of production and export growth, innovation and reputation for consistent quality. The centralization of resources and infrastructure, as well as the nationally-oriented funding and R&D agendas are usually cited as providing the foundation for this success. Yet in more re...

This paper studies delegation of authority in a setting that combines the incentive view of delegation pioneered by Aghion and Tirole [1997], the informational theory of delegation emphasized by Dessein [2002], the learning possibility put forth by Aghion, Dewatripont, and Rey [2004] and the career concerns literature spawned by Holmström [1999]. I show that the principal may choose delegation ...

this with the integration of distributed generation (dg) to meshed distribution systems, the operating time of the protective system becomes a major concern in order to avoid nuisance dg tripping. this paper proposes a new tripping characteristic for directional overcurrent relays (docrs) that can achieve a higher possible reduction of overall relays operating time in meshed distribution networ...

Degree centralization is a simple and widely used index of degree distribution concentration in social networks. Conventionally, the centralization score is normalized by the maximum value attainable at the observed order; this results in a measure on the unit interval. Here, exact bounds are provided for degree centralization given density as well as order. It is shown that roughly half of the...

Communities of practices (Cops) can improve organizational performance by effectively promoting knowledge diffusion, and recently they were receiving increasing attention from organizations in abroad. The aim of our study was to further explore how to cultivate and support Communities of practice. According to some literatures, we first studied what is the most important influencing factor of k...

Centralization is a symptom response to repeated movements that can be used to classify patients into sub-groups, determine appropriate management strategies, and prognosis. The aim of this study was to systematically review the literature relating to centralization and directional preference, and specifically report on prevalence, prognostic validity, reliability, loading strategies, and diagn...

Fully decentralized algorithms for distributed constraint optimization often require excessive amounts of communication when applied to complex problems. The OptAPO algorithm of [Mailler and Lesser, 2004] uses a strategy of partial centralization to mitigate this problem. We introduce PC-DPOP, a new partial centralization technique, based on the DPOP algorithm of [Petcu and Faltings, 2005]. PCD...