Local injections of botulinum neurotoxin are now considered an efficacious treatment for neurological and non-neurological conditions. One of the most recent achievements in the field is the observation that botulinum neurotoxin provides benefit in diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. Botulinum neurotoxin inhibits contraction of gastrointestinal smooth muscles and sphincters; it has also bee...

f((1− t)x1 + tx2) ≤ (1− t)f(x1) + tf(x2), x1, x2 ∈ C, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1, then f : X → R is convex. Proof. Let (x1, α1), (x2, α2) ∈ epi f and 0 ≤ t ≤ 1. The fact that the pairs (xi, αi) belong to epi f means in particular that f(xi) < ∞, and hence that xi ∈ C, as otherwise we would have f(xi) =∞. But (1− t)(x1, α1) + t(x2, α2) = ((1− t)x1 + tx2, (1− t)α1 + tα2), and, as x1, x2 ∈ C, f((1− t)x1 + tx2) ≤ (...

1. A large-scale purification procedure has been developed for Clostridium botulinum type F neurotoxin. Commencing with 160 litres of bacterial culture, 101 mg of purified type F neurotoxin with a specific toxicity of 2 x 10(7) mouse LD50 (median lethal dose).mg-1 were obtained. 2. Purified type F neurotoxin was labelled to high specific radioactivity (900-1360 Ci/mmol) without loss of biologic...

Large synaptosome fractions were isolated from the cerebellar and cerebral cortices of rats and were incubated with Clostridium botulinum type A neurotoxin in vitro. The binding of the neurotoxin to the synapses was observed by electron microscopy, using the double-sandwich immunocytochemical method. Botulinum neurotoxin was preferentially bound to the presynaptic membrane in the large synaptos...

Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and DNA sequence analysis of 26 strains of Group II (nonproteolytic) Clostridium botulinum type B4 showed that 23 strains carried their neurotoxin gene cluster on a 47-63 kb plasmid (three strains lacked any hybridization signal for the neurotoxin gene, presumably having lost their plasmid). Unexpectedly, no neurotoxin genes were found on the chromosome. This ap...

Clostridium botulinum neurotoxins are used to treat a variety of neuro-muscular disorders, as well as in cosmetology. The increased demand requires efficient methods for the production and purification of these toxins. In this study, a new purification process was developed for purifying type B neurotoxin. The kinetics of C.botulinum strain growth and neurotoxin production were determined for m...

We examined the reactivities of Clostridium butyricum neurotoxin to nine monoclonal antibodies against Clostridium botulinum type E neurotoxin which recognize the light chain or the amino-terminal half (H-1 fragment) or the carboxyl-terminal half (H-2 fragment) of the heavy chain of botulinum neurotoxin. Butyricum neurotoxin and its derived chains did not react to two of four monoclonal antibod...

BACKGROUND Botulinum toxin A has been successfully used in a variety of areas to temporarily obliterate muscle mobility for either functional or aesthetic gain. Tissue expander-based breast reconstruction has been plagued with pain and discomfort. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate the role of a neurotoxin (Botulinum toxin A) in expander-based breast reconstruction. M...

recombinant proteins are tending to be the most favorable vaccine-candidates against botulism. recombinant carboxy-terminal of botulinum neurotoxin serotype e (rbont/e-hcc) has been introduced as an efficient vaccine against botulism type e. in this report, we made an effort to investigate the effect of different ph on protein structure to assess if rbont/e-hcc could be used as a vaccine for or...