background and objective: parkinson’s disease (pd) is a common neurological disorder due to degeneration of dopaminergic neurons within pars compacta of substantia nigra (snc). with regard to protective effect of malva sylvestris (ms), this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of aquaeous extract of this plant in an experimental model of pd induced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-ohda). materials...

the rostral ventromedial medulla (rvm) acts a key role in the descending inhibitory pain modulation. neuropeptide orexin-a (orxa) is confined to thousands of neurons in the lateral hypothalamus (lh). while rvm gets the orexinergic projections, the orexin receptors are also expressed in this structure. the aim of this study was to specify the cellular effects of orxa on rvm neurons in vitro by u...

results the results showed that bbb test showed an improvement in the cr, while the quantitative analysis showed that the improvement rate was higher in the rats treated with cnl than those treated with bmscs only or the untreated animals, similar results were noticed in the improvement index. immunohistochemical analysis of the tissue section prepared from the cr showed that the transplanted c...

neuromelanin (nm) pigment accumulates with age in catecholaminergic neurons in man, and the ventral substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons that are the most vulnerable to degeneration in parkinson's disease (pd) contain the greatest amount of this pigment. in vitro data indicate that nm pigment is formed from the excess cytosolic catecholamine that is not accumulated into synaptic vesicles via t...

in this study organotypic adult spinal cord slices were used to investigate whether caspases could participate in the apoptosis of motor neurons. the thoracic region of spinal cord was sliced using a tissue chopper and cultured in a medium for 6h. morphological and biochemical features of apoptosis were assessed by fluorescent staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl nick end labeling (tunel) met...

this study has examined the functional importance of nucleus accumbens (nac)-ventral tegmental area (vta) interactions. as it is known, this interaction is important in associative reward processes. under urethane anesthesia, extracellular single unit recordings of the shell sub-region of the nucleus accumbens (nacsh) neurons were employed to determine the functional contributions of the vta to...

objective: chlorpyrifos (cpf) is a neurotoxic organophosphorus (op) insecticide. its mechanism of action includes oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, and inhibition of the acetylcholinesterase enzyme (ache). the aim of the present study is to investigate cpf toxicity in mature and immature cerebellar granule neurons (cgns), as well as its effect on glutamate induced excitotoxicity. materials and ...

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is known to be crucial for the development of peripheral vestibular neurons. However, the maturation profile of the BDNF signal transducing receptor, tyrosine kinase B (TrkB) in functionally activated otolith-related vestibular nuclear neurons of postnatal rats remains unexplored. In the present study, conscious Sprague-Dawley rats (P4 to adult) were sub...

background and objective: as apoptotic cell death is extremely involved in physiological development and many pathological situations such as cancer and neurodegenerative diseases, the understanding of its molecular machinery can be useful in designing new therapeutic strategies. the present study investigated the temporal expression of the proapoptotic protein bax in adult spinal motoneurons. ...

s100ß a neurotrophic factor mainly released by astrocytes, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of bipolar disorder. thus, lithium may exert its neuroprotective effects to some extent through s100ß. furthermore, the possible effects of lithium on astrocytes as well as on interactions between neurons and astrocytes as a part of its mechanisms of actions are unknown. this study was undertaken...