Voltage-gated Na(+) channels play an essential role in electrical signaling in the nervous system and are key pharmacological targets for a range of disorders. The recent solution of X-ray structures for the bacterial channel NavAb has provided an opportunity to study functional mechanisms at the atomic level. This channel's selectivity filter exhibits an EEEE ring sequence, characteristic of m...

Tetrodotoxin (TTX) has been used for many decades to characterize the structure and function of biological ion channels. Yet, the precise mechanism by which TTX blocks voltage-gated sodium (NaV) channels is not fully understood. Here molecular dynamics simulations are used to elucidate how TTX blocks mammalian voltage-gated sodium (Nav) channels and why it fails to be effective for the bacteria...

Striking structural differences between voltage-gated sodium (Nav) channels from prokaryotes (homotetramers) and eukaryotes (asymmetric, four-domain proteins) suggest the likelihood of different molecular mechanisms for common functions. For these two channel families, our data show similar selectivity sequences among alkali cations (relative permeability, Pion/PNa) and asymmetric, bi-ionic rev...

navab is a dissident poet and political thinker. he believes that he has responsibilities in relation to the arab community and the arabic governments. the present study is an attempt to study rebellion poem in arabic contemporary literature, assuming that he is one of the political opposition arab governments, so in this article we will study poetry which was written in the space of censorship...

This paper describes AniMorph a system for animation driven Concatenative Sound Synthesis (CSS). We can distinguish between two main application domains of CSS in the context of music technology: target sound re-synthesis, and free sound synthesis. The difference between these two categories is that in target sound re-synthesis the aim is to re-create a sound or a sound’s characteristics by pro...