In this paper we describe two quite different philosophies used in developing controlled languages (CLs): A "naturalist" approach, in which CL interpretation is treated as a simpler form of full natural language processing, including ambiguity resolution; and a "formalist" approach, in which the CL interpretation is “deterministic” (context insensitive) and the CL is viewed more as an English-l...

—Defining the trophic position of stream organisms is a first step in understanding the ecology of lotic systems. Whereas trophic positions of stream fishes have been traditionally assigned based on dietary analysis, stable isotope ratios may provide additional information on the validity of this approach and may be used to verify energy acquisition assumed from dietary studies. In this study, ...

—We sampled fishes and aquatic insects monthly ( Jun.–Sept. 2002) from intermittent tributaries of the Alum Fork of the Saline River (Arkansas, U.S.A.) to quantify the response of fish and aquatic insect assemblage properties to seasonal desiccation and habitat fragmentation. We collected a total of 4219 individuals, representing 18 species of fishes and 27 families of aquatic insects. Changes ...