Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by filamentous fungi that occur naturally in agricultural commodities worldwide. Aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, patulin, fumonisins, zearalenone, trichothecenes, and ergot alkaloids are presently the most important for food and feed safety. These compounds are produced by several species that belong to the Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, and Cl...

Mycotoxins are organic compounds produced by fungi as secondary metabolites. The presence of mycotoxins in foods and feed not only affects economy but also represents a health hazard for humans and animals and constitutes a risk for international trade. Thus, adverse effects of mycotoxins have been described. Food and feed storage under high temperatures and moisture levels favors the growth of...

Mycotoxins are chemicals produced by fungi that can seriously affect the health of dairy cattle. Mycotoxin-producing fungi do not compete well with the microbes responsible for silage fermentation. However, if proper moisture content is not maintained or oxygen is allowed into the silage, these fungi can grow and potentially produce mycotoxins. In addition, mycotoxins formed in the field can pe...

background: rice is one of the crops, which are prone to be contaminated with toxigenic fungi and their mycotoxins. this study aimed to investigate the natural occurrence of t-2 toxin in domestic and imported rice in iran. methods: in a cross-sectional descriptive study in winter 2007, 140 samples of imported rice (125 samples of thai and 25 sam­ples of pakistani rice) and 60 samples of iranian...

Mycotoxins are toxic fungal metabolites that cause intoxication when consumed by animals, including humans. Fungi that produce mycotoxins are called toxigenic fungi. The toxigenic fungi do not produce mycotoxins after they have been ingested by animals and humans. Toxigenic fungi grow in corn, cereals, soybeans, sorghum, peanuts, silage and other food, feed crops or hay in the field, and in gra...

Mycotoxins are secondary fungal metabolites, toxic to humans, animals and plants. Among the hundreds of known mycotoxins, aflatoxins, citrinin, patulin, penicillic acid, tenuazonic acid, ochratoxin A, cytochalasins, deoxynivalenol, fumonisins, fusarin C, fusaric acid, and zearalenone are considered the types that most contaminate cereal grain. The majority of the mycotoxins in these groups are ...

Liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) is widely used for the determination of mycotoxins in cereals and cereal-based products. In addition to the regulated mycotoxins, for which official control is required, LC-MS is often used for the screening of a large range of mycotoxins and/or for the identification and characterization of novel metabolites. This review provides i...

Masked mycotoxins are plant metabolites of mycotoxins which co-contaminate common cereal crops. Since their discovery, the question has arisen if they contribute to toxicity either directly or indirectly through the release of the parent mycotoxins. Research in this field is rapidly emerging and the aim of this review is to summarize the latest knowledge on the fate of masked mycotoxins upon in...

This study aimed to investigate the potential accumulation of mycotoxins in the lesser mealworm (Alphitobius diaperinus, LMW) and black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens, BSF) larvae. Feed was spiked with aflatoxin B₁, deoxynivalenol (DON), ochratoxin A or zearalenone, and as a mixture of mycotoxins, to concentrations of 1, 10, and 25 times the maximum limits set by the European Commission for com...

The secondary metabolites produced by fungi known as mycotoxins, are capable of causing mycotoxicosis (diseases and death) in human and animals. Contamination of feedstuffs as well as food commodities by fungi occurs frequently in a natural manner and is accompanied by the presence of mycotoxins. The occurrence of mycotoxins' contamination is further stimulated by the on-going global warming as...