The left ventricular outflow tract is here considered to be that region of the left ventricle that lies between the anterior cusp ofthe mitral valve and the ventricular septum. The ventricular septum lies at an angle of45 degrees to the median plane. The 'anterior' wall of the outflow tract is therefore anteromedial and the 'posterior' wall is posterolateral. In the anterior wall are both the m...

BACKGROUND The knowledge of conduction system morphology has a vital significance in cardiology and cardiac surgery - it enables to interpret pathologies and choose treatment. This has been confirmed by numerous accounts, both in the context of e.g. atrial fibrillation ablations as well as treating septum defects. Due to diversity and changeability of conduction system structure and their clini...

OBJECTIVE To describe morphological features of the interatrial septum in normal fetuses, especially foramen ovale (FO) and septum primum (SP), in order to compare septum primum excursion with foramen ovale diameter. METHODS Septum primum excursion (SPE) toward the left atrium (LA) and foramen ovale diameter (FOD) were measured in the hearts of ten formaldehyde-fixed human fetuses ranging fro...

Congenital aneurysms of the interventricular septum were found in a 29 year old man and his four year old son. Both were symptom free. In both, M mode and cross sectional echocardiography showed an aneurysm in the mid-muscular trabecular portion of the ventricular septum with considerable paradoxical motion of the aneurysmal segment. Otherwise the chamber dimensions, intracardiac structures, an...

Henri Roger, in 1879, was the first to accurately describe the clinical manifestations of ventricular septal defect, and the term “maladie de Roger” is often used in connection with these malformations. The lesion and the problems associated with it have attracted a great deal of attention in recent years, particularly with the advent of open heart surgery and a means for affecting a cure. Embr...

STENOSIS of the outflow tract of the left ventricle is a disease of serious and often of fatal consequence. The form of obstruction varies, but most commonly it is a discrete ridge of fibrous tissue that projects into the left ventricle completely encircling the out-flow tract.' In some instances this fibrous ridge may be accompanied by bulging and hypertrophy of the underlying interventricu-la...

Sixty-two chick embryo hearts were studied at incremental stages of development (Hamburger-Hamilton stages 16 to 39) by scanning electron microscopy following 3% glutaraldehyde fixation and critical point drying. Early in cardiac development, the primitive ventricle becomes homogeneously trabeculated with highly organized sheets of myocytes lined by endocardial cells, with the trabeculae genera...

Most cardiologists would probably consider that, during their training, they had received appropriate instruction concerning the mode of development and structure of the atrial septum. This is likely to be founded on the diagrams that exist in most standard textbooks of cardiac embryology. These illustrate the formation of primary and secondary atrial septums as overlapping muscular sheets that...

The raphe of the human penis and scrotum is considered to develop secondarily after disappearance of the initial midline seam by fusion of the bilateral genital folds. However, the fetal development was still obscure. We examined histological sections of 30 fetuses (17 males and 13 females) at 10-15 weeks. In male fetuses, the scrotum was not yet clearly identified because of no descent of test...

AIMS Our aim was to clarify the location and structure of the outlet septum relative to the free-standing subpulmonary infundibulum in the setting of tetralogy of Fallot and to examine its relationship to the other components of the subpulmonary outflow tract, determining their potential influence on clinical outcome. METHODS AND RESULTS We studied prospectively 41 patients with tetralogy of ...