Population growth in West Africa has outpaced local efforts to expand potable water services, and private sector sale of packaged drinking water has filled an important gap in household water security. Consumption of drinking water packaged in plastic sachets has soared in West Africa over the last decade, but the long-term implications of these changing consumption patterns remain unclear and ...

We present an agent-based simulation model for generating realistic multivariable outbreak signals. The model defines a synthetic population and simulates the dissemination of pathogenic organisms through a municipal water distribution system, the mobility of individuals between geographic locations, their exposure to pathogens through water consumption, and disease progression in infected indi...

Groundwater samples collected either from the bore-wells (forms a part of municipal water supply) or from the hand pumps (direct consumption) were analysed for fluoride in Hisar city, India. The results indicate considerable variations among the analysed groundwater samples and the concentration of fluoride ranged from 0.03--16.6 mg/l. In most of the groundwater samples the concentration of flu...

INTRODUCTION During 1970, the amount of ground water pumped in the southern and southeastern sections The economic development of any area is tied of Florida (which includes Broward, Dade and to its natural resource base. Water, one of the most Palm Beach counties) for municipal water use was important of these natural resources, is used for a 121 billion gallons. multitude of purposes includin...

This paper addresses the issue of price negotiation between a municipality and a private water utility operator, and its implications for residential water demand estimation. Because negotiated price may depend on municipality’s specific characteristics, competing forms of price endogeneity have to be considered when using panel data. The impact of variables such as average income, housing and ...

Extensive chlorinated solvent contamination, including trichloroethylene (TCE) dense nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL), was found in ground water at a Navy Installation Restoration Program site on a former Navy property in Pennsylvania. Ground water at the site is encountered in the Triassic age Stockton Formation, which consists of gently dipping, alternating sandstone and mudstone units. Ground...

BACKGROUND Three weeks after Typhoon Haiyan, an increasing number of acute gastroenteritis cases were reported in Kananga, Leyte, an area where evacuated residents had returned home two days after the disaster. An outbreak investigation was conducted to identify the source and risk factors associated with the increase of gastroenteritis. METHODS A case was defined as any person in Kananga who...

Atrazine is the most commonly used herbicide in the U.S. and a wide-spread groundwater contaminant. Epidemiologic and laboratory evidence exists that atrazine disrupts reproductive health and hormone secretion. We examined the relationship between exposure to atrazine in drinking water and menstrual cycle function including reproductive hormone levels. Women 18-40 years old residing in agricult...

Chlorination has been the major means of disinfecting drinking water in Taiwan. The use of chlorinated water has been hypothesized to lead to several adverse birth outcomes, including low birth weight and preterm delivery. We performed a study to examine the relationship between the use of chlorinated water and adverse birth outcomes in Taiwan. The study areas included 14 chlorinating municipal...