The homobasidiomycetes is a diverse group of macrofungi that includes mushrooms, puffballs, coral fungi, and other forms. This study used maximum likelihood methods to determine if there are general trends (evolutionary tendencies) in the evolution of fruiting body forms in homobasidiomycetes, and to estimate the ancestral forms of the homobasidiomycetes and euagarics clade. Character evolution...

Demographic analyses of multistate populations are commonplace, as are situations where population stocks are known but population flows are not. Still, demographic models for multistate populations with changing rates remain at an early stage of development, limiting dynamic analyses and analytical projections. Here, a new approach, the Intrinsic Linkage-Rate Ratio (IL-RR) model, is presented ...

The structural and dynamical properties of a hydrated proton near the surface of DMPC membrane were studied using a molecular dynamics simulation. The proton transport between water molecules was modeled using the second generation multistate empirical valence bond model. The proton diffusion was found to be inhibited at the membrane surface. The potential of mean force for the proton adsorptio...

Practical protein design problems require designing sequences with a combination of affinity, stability, and specificity requirements. Multistate protein design algorithms model multiple structural or binding "states" of a protein to address these requirements. comets provides a new level of versatile, efficient, and provable multistate design. It provably returns the minimum with respect to se...

This paper describes some models and measures of reliability for multistate systems. The expected cumulative reward for the continuous time Markov reward models are used for deriving the structure function for a multistate system where the system and its components can have different performance levels ranging from perfect functioning to complete failure. The suggested approach presents with re...

The optimal survivor search problem is to maximize the probability of finding a moving target alive. The target may be a person missing at sea or lost in a wilderness area. In a multistate target problem, the target is moving and changing states stochastically. Each state may imply different motion and detectability assumptions. We find necessary and sufficient conditions for optimal detection ...

"This paper investigates the effect of parental benefits on the timing and spacing of births and on employment dynamics of Swedish women. Using microdata on wages and incomes, I estimate a reduced-form multistate duration model of the bivariate life-cycle fertility and employment process. The paper provides an example of the application of empirical procedures to develop and evaluate multistat...

In this note some new characterization results for multistate systems are obtained. In particular, a new characterization of the Natvig class of multistate systems is presented, which provides us an easy-to-use method of classifying multistate systems. Examples are given to illustrate our result.