We have computed a set of multiphase chemical evolution models in which the radial mass distribution of each theoretical galaxy is calculated using the universal rotation curve from Persic, Salucci & Steel (1996). We obtain the chemical evolution for galaxies of different masses and morphological types by changing the efficiencies to form molecular clouds and stars according with these types. W...

Color metallography is a useful method for characterizing microstructures of steels with multiple phases. In this paper, application of three different color etching techniques for a bainitic-martensitic steel is reported. Comparisons between the results showed that 10% Na2S2O5 aqueous solution was the best etchant for distinguishing martensite, bainite and ferr...

Stretch-flangeability measures the ability of a material to form into a complex shape. The parameter is often related to simple properties derived from tensile tests. An attempt is made here to discover the best way to exploit tensile test data to indicate flangeabilty. It is found that the ultimate tensile strength of steel is the single most important criterion that correlates with stretch-fl...

The magneto-electro-elastic (MEE) material under thermal environment exhibits pyroelectric and pyromagnetic coefficients resulting in pyroeffects such as pyroelectric and pyromagnetic. The pyroelectric and pyromagnetic effects on the behavior of multiphase MEE sensors bonded on the top surface of a mild steel plate under thermal environment is presented in this paper. The aim of the study is to...

Sheet metal forming processes are commonly associated with strain-path changes in the material. Macroscopic softening/hardening transient effects can appear due to the plastic anisotropy induced by these deformation stages. Such characteristic effects can mainly be ascribed to the intragranular microstructure development and its evolution. It subsequently becomes necessary to accurately describ...

The microstructure of multiphase steels assisted by transformation-induced plasticity consists of grains of retained austenite embedded in a ferrite-based matrix. Upon mechanical loading, retained austenite may transform into martensite, as a result of which plastic deformations are induced in the surrounding phases, i.e., the ferrite-based matrix and the untransformed austenite. In the present...

In multiphase steels, control of the carbon contents in the respective phases is the most important factor in alloy design for achieving high strength and high ductility. However, it is unusually difficult to determine the carbon contents in multiphase structures with high accuracy by electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) due to the unavoidable effect of hydrocarbon contamination during measureme...

Purpose: of this paper is the effect of the soft annealing of initial microstructure of the 6Mn16 steel on the kinetics of the austenite formation during next intercritical annealing. Design/methodology/approach: Analytical TEM point analysis with EDAX system attached to Philips CM20 was used to evaluate the concentration of Mn, Ni and Cr in the microstructure constituents of the multiphase ste...

The quality of continuous cast steel is greatly affected by fluid flow in the mold region, especially involving transient phenomena and the transport of inclusion particles. As part of a long-term effort to develop and apply comprehensive models of these and other phenomena, this paper reports on studies to evaluate the relative accuracy of models of three different fluid flow phenomena in cont...

In the present chapter, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model for multiphase flow was developed, allowing the simulation of two different processes, the desulfurization of hot metal in a ladle mechanically agitated by an impeller (KR process) and the desulfuri‐ zation of steel in a gas-agitated ladle. The model gives important information to charac‐ terize the fluid flow conditions, to def...