Polypore fungi are an important group of wood-inhabiting basidiomycetes that have significant roles in biomass recycling in forests and woodland ecosystems. Figures on the polypore diversity in Iran have been partly made available through few checklists, but there have been no comparative studies on the pattern of geographic distribution of the species. The prevalence of the Mediterranean biocl...

Introgression is an evolutionary process in which genes or other types of genetic material are introduced into a genome. It important that can, for example, play fundamental role speciation. Recently the concept overlaid species forest (OSF) was as discrete way to model introgression. Basically, OSF consists gene history form phylogenetic tree, collection lineage trees some interest, and map ov...

Tropical and subtropical dry forest life zones support forests with lower stature and species richness than do tropical and subtropical life zones with greater water availability. The number of naturalized species that can thrive and mix with native species to form novel forests in dry forest conditions in Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands is lower than in other insular life zones. These no...

BACKGROUND Developing effective conservation plans for multi-functional landscapes requires an accurate knowledge of the relative conservation value of different land-uses. A growing number of tropical ecologists have evaluated conservation value using the number (or proportion) of species that are unique to primary or old-growth forests. However, estimates of the conservation value of modified...

Environmental factors influencing the occurrence of single species and multi species groups of carabids in alluvial forest at the River Elbe were determined with habitat suitability models. Two representative species for different ecotypes present in the investigated community, Agonum li ens and Pterostichus oblongopunctatus, were defined by means of a discriminant analysis. The two species dif...

A major conservation challenge in mosaic landscapes is to understand how trait-specific responses to habitat edges affect bird communities, including potential cascading effects on bird functions providing ecosystem services to forests, such as pest control. Here, we examined how bird species richness, abundance and community composition varied from interior forest habitats and their edges into...

Moist and temperate Caspian forests are associated with a diversity of soil types and topography.  Although, natural history and ecological attributes of the Caspian vegetation is well-documented, little is known about mycorrhizae of the Caspian (Hyrcanian) flora. Samples of herbaceous plant species were collected from 4 pre-determined altitudes (-13 upto about 1500m above sea level, appro...