mullā ṣadrā has three different approaches towards knowledge by presence concerning the material existences. on many occasions, he regards the physical matters, including bodies and accidents, out of the realm of knowledge by presence and maintains that they are neither present with themselves nor with another reality and nor another reality can be present with them. on another basis, he mainta...

explanation of the multiplicity of the world and the way it was created from the beginning of existence is one the concerns of philosophers, including mullā ṣadrā. the discourse of the emanation of multiplicity from unity would be totally different with respect to the apparent words of ṣadrā, who believes in the gradational unity of existence and according to his specific viewpoint, believing i...

the misconception (shubha) of absolute nonexistent – which we have named as paradox – is not an amusing brainteaser; rather, it is one the significant epistemological issues. its importance can be looked upon from two different viewpoints: research and educational. it is significant from the research viewpoint because it challenges propositions which constitute the foundation of our thinking an...

principality of existence, which is one of the most fundamental issues in primary philosophy, is one of the main branches of ṣadr al-muti’allihīn's philosophy and nearly all discourses of transcendental philosophy are considered to be based on it, to the extent that the transcendence of mullā ṣadrā’s philosophy is considered due to the transcendence of existence and the “existence” as his first...