objective: walnut (juglans regia) is a domestic fruit of iran. walnut kernel (wk) has many beneficial constituents such as unsaturated fatty acids, antioxidants, and vitamin e. scientific studies have shown that fatty acids and vitamin e can modulate learning and memory processes. the aim of the present work was to study effects of walnut consumption by mothers during pregnancy and lactation on...

introduction: several studies indicate that estrogen use increase performance on some tests of cognition especially in postmenopausal women. these steroids have many side effects, thus, other estrogenic agents with fewer side effects are needed to develop alternative treatment strategies. the main objection of this study was to evaluate the effects of different doses of dietary soy meals (with ...

The Morris water maze is widely used to study spatial memory and learning. Animals are placed in a pool of water that is colored opaque with powdered non-fat milk or non-toxic tempera paint, where they must swim to a hidden escape platform. Because they are in opaque water, the animals cannot see the platform, and cannot rely on scent to find the escape route. Instead, they must rely on externa...

Administration of a non-competitive NMDA antagonist dizocilpine (MK-801) was proposed to be an animal model of psychosis. NMDA-receptor blockade is accompanied by increased locomotion, behavioral deficits, and other changes resembling psychotic symptoms. However, the role of NMDA-receptors in organizing brain representations is not understood yet. We tested the effect of NMDA-receptor blockade ...

The submerged platform or Morris water escape task is widely used to study genetic variation in spatial learning and memory, but interpretation is sometimes difficult because of wall hugging, jumping off the platform, floating or non-spatial swim strategies. We modified the task by introducing four wide arms into the circular tank and adding features that reduced, eliminated, or compensated for...

background: the effect of ovariectomy and accompanying sudden loss of circulating gonad hormones on spatial learning performance in the young adult rats was examined. we hypothesized that spatial learning and memory in a considerable number of women who undergo a surgical menopause and estrogen deprivation before their natural menopause be impaired. methods: in this study, we used 26 wistar rat...

The Morris water maze is a standard paradigm for the testing of hippocampal function in laboratory animals. Virtual versions of the Morris water maze are now available and can be used to assess spatial learning and memory ability in both healthy and brain injured participants. To evaluate the importance of the hippocampus in spatial learning and memory, we tested five amnesic participants with ...