Engel et al. (1999) claim that ‘‘appropriate synchronization among cortical neurons may be one of the necessary conditions for the buildup of perceptual states and awareness of sensory stimuli.’’ The question I wish to examine in this brief comment is exactly what they mean by a ‘‘necessary condition’’ for consciousness. For example, gravity is surely necessary for human consciousness, for with...

This study uses a cross-country panel to examine the determinants of corruption, paying particular attention to political institutions that increase accountability. Even though the theoretical literature has stressed the importance of political institutions in determining corruption, the empirical literature is relatively scarce. Our results confirm the role of political institutions in determi...

Gentzen’s and Jaśkowski’s formulations of natural deduction are logically equivalent in the normal sense of those words. However, Gentzen’s formulation more straightforwardly lends itself both to a normalization theorem and to a theory of “meaning” for connectives (which leads to a view of semantics called ‘inferentialism’). The present paper investigates cases where Jaskowski’s formulation see...

for the first time in English an authentic treatise on this subject. Such a work could only be the product of a master of his subject and Palmer Findley has long been recognized as a leader in American Obstetrics. Bearing in mind that "History is the essence of innumerable biographies" the author has used this approach to the subject with great effectiveness. The great personalities of obstetri...

As COVID-19 was declared as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) in March 2020, it is an emerging need to discuss different aspects of this pandemic. In any pandemic, valid and rapid laboratory diagnostic tests are critically important for early diagnosis, which will increase the rate of successful treatment and more importantly prevent the spread of the disease.  

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