3. Modernity, Modernisation, Modernism and the First World War 3.

The study of Modernism has often been divided by a seemingly unbridgeable gap between what has been deemed " high " art, esoteric works intended for the privileged few, and " low " culture-works intended for the groveling masses. In the first category are traditional art forms such as painting, sculpture, and literature. The lower art forms include mass-produced works that are accessible by des...

03 "Monumentality," she vmtes, "creates the sense of social cohesion that is central to the consolidation of a community by impressing upon people the importance and power of a thing or a person Central to this impression of social power is the sense of long-lastingness; the perception that this city, building, institution, or artwork—and the values it represents— will last through generations,...

(NLR 146), Fredric Jameson argues that pastiche, rather than parody, is the appropriate mode of postmodernist culture. ‘Pastiche’, he writes, ‘is, like parody, the imitation of a peculiar mask, speech in a dead language; but it is a neutral practice of such mimicry, without any of parody’s ulterior motives, amputated of the satiric impulse, devoid of laughter and of any conviction that alongsid...

All knowledge belongs to narrative knowledge, and also local knowledge. Post-modernism can be defined as “elimination of grand narrative”, so in the world of post-modernism, validity of knowledge has become an issue. Local knowledge emphasizes that generation and justification of knowledge has its local features, so it has no way to surpass the dilemma of cultural relativism. Theoretically, in ...

From the beginning of the Islamic era, Muslim societies have experienced periods of renewal (tajdid). Since the eighteenth century, Muslim societies across the world have been subject to a prolonged and increasingly deeply felt process of renewal. This has been expressed in different ways in different contexts. Amongst political elites with immediate concerns to answer the challenges of the Wes...

A passage to India by E.M. Forster is a modern novel written in 1924. It describes the modern movement in that period, so we could say that each movement of the human beings has its own characterizations which recognize it from other periods. Forester’s novel has its own features which recognize it from other ages in English literature. A Passage to India is one of the novels affected by Modern...