An introduction to modern cosmology is given, focusing on theories for the origin of structure in the Universe. After a brief review of the theory of growth of cosmological perturbations and a summary of some important observational results, most of the article is devoted to discussions of the inflationary Universe scenario and of topological defect models of structure formation. The final chap...

During the last decade new developments in theoretical and speculative cosmology have reopened the old discussion of cosmology’s scientific status and the more general question of the demarcation between science and non-science. The multiverse hypothesis, in particular, is central to this discussion and controversial because it seems to disagree with methodological and epistemic standards tradi...

The scientific community widely understands that expansion redshifts are the centerpiece of big-bang cosmology. What is generally unknown is the widespread confusion in the ranks of cosmologists as to exactly what they are. A minority equate them with Doppler shifts due to actual recession. A majority, however, claim: (i) “... the [expansion] redshift does not really have anything to do with ve...

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In this study we develop the Mathematics of Harmony as a new interdisciplinary direction of modern science. The newest discoveries in different fields of modern science based on the Mathematics of Harmony, namely, mathematics (a general theory of hyperbolic functions and a solution to Hilbert’s Fourth Problem, algorithmic measurement theory and “golden” number theory), computer science (the “go...