ing from time and place” (Books 10.250). Although the rules of punctuation are not settled in the seventeenth century, his description of the representation of size here echoes his description of the representation of shape at 4.4.6 of the Essay, and there he emphatically

Automated methods for identifying whether sentences are grammatical have various potential applications (e.g., machine translation, automated essay scoring, computer-assisted language learning). In this work, we construct a statistical model of grammaticality using various linguistic features (e.g., misspelling counts, parser outputs, n-gram language model scores). We also present a new publicl...

We describe a study aimed at measuring the use of factual information in test-taker essays and assessing its effectiveness for predicting essay scores. We found medium correlations with the proposed measures, that remained significant after the effect of essay length was factored out. The correlations did not differ substantionally between a simple, relatively robust measure vs a more sophistic...

E-rater® has been used by the Educational Testing Service for automated essay scoring since 1999. This paper describes a new version of e-rater (V.2) that is different from other automated essay scoring systems in several important respects. The main innovations of e-rater V.2 are a small, intuitive, and meaningful set of features used for scoring; a single scoring model and standards can be us...

E-rater® has been used by the Educational Testing Service for automated essay scoring since 1999. This paper describes a new version of e-rater (V.2) that is different from other automated essay scoring systems in several important respects. The main innovations of e-rater V.2 are a small, intuitive, and meaningful set of features used for scoring; a single scoring model and standards can be us...

In this paper, we address the problem of quantifying the overall extent to which a testtaker’s essay deals with the topic it is assigned (prompt). We experiment with a number of models for word topicality, and a number of approaches for aggregating word-level indices into text-level ones. All models are evaluated for their ability to predict the holistic quality of essays. We show that the best...

In this paper, the researchers present a multi-objective linear fractional inventory model using fuzzy pro-gramming. The proposed method in this paper is applied to a problem with two objective functions. The re-sulted fuzzy model is transformed into an ordinary linear programming. The implementation of the develop-ing model presented in this paper is demonstrated through the use of some numeri...