Pain-related issues represent the most common reason for which people seek health care. 1 Opioids, such as morphine, are the most commonly prescribed class of drugs for treating moderate to severe pain. Morphine is a μopioid, δ-opioid and κ-opioid receptor agonist. Whereas, butorphanol is a synthetic opioid analgesic exhibiting partial agonist and antagonist activity at the μ-opioid receptor as...

The intraocular effects of substance P (SP) were studied in rabbits by measuring the pupil diameter, intraocular pressure (IOP), and aqueous humor protein concentration. Most of the animals were pretreated with indomethacin to avoid any interaction with prostaglandins. Intracameral injection of 1 to 150 ng of SP caused strong and persistent miosis without appreciably affecting the aqueous humor...

amitraz is a triazapentadiene, an α2 adrenergic agonist and a member of the amidine chemical family. a limited number of human intoxication cases have been published in the literature. lack of a clear and specific protocol for the therapy of amitraz intoxication may make its successfully managed case reports useful and valuable for other clinical practitioners in poisoning departments. the case...

To the Editor: The use of the femtosecond laser in cataract surgery has increased exponentially since its introduction in 2009, and it is beneficial in routine and challenging cases.1 However, one disadvantage is the possible induction of significant miosis, which has been reported in up to 32% of eyes.2 Some factors have been shown to decrease the incidence of this complication, such as advanc...

Eleven subjects with normal eyes and sixteen subjects with open-angle glaucoma had a selective alpha-adrenergic blocking agent, thymoxamine hydrochloride 0.5 per cent eyedrop, applied to one of their eyes. This consistently produced miosis, but did not significantly alter the intraocular pressure or the tonographically determined facility of aqueous outflow. Because we find that thymoxamine can...

Reserpine, on systemic administration (1) as well as after intracerebroventricular injection (2), exerts parasympathomimetic effects such as miosis, salivation, and diarrhoea. These effects have been attributed to increased central parasympathetic activity since reserpine increases the acetylcholine contents of the hy pothalamus (3). A direct parasympathomimetic action of reserpine has been exc...

Pilocarpine is commonly used after angle surgery for glaucoma Background: despite a host of side effects and risks. We hypothesized that a pharmacological miosis during the first two months does not improve shortand long-term results of trabectome-mediated trabeculectomy. ab interno In this retrospective comparative 1-year case series, we compared Methods: 187 trabectome surgery eyes with (P+) ...