aim: given the importance of psychological factors in the incidence of physical pains, the present study has been conducted for the purpose of comparing mindfulness and type d personality among women diagnosed with non-cardiac chest pain and healthy women of tehran. method: the present research is descriptive and of causative-comparative type. the sample includes 60 women with non-cardiac chest...

Many people vote in large elections with costs to vote although the expected benefits would seem to be infinitesimal to a rational mind. We show that prospect and regret theories cannot solve this paradox of not voting and may even aggravate it. However, if the possibility of a decisive vote comes to mind, expected utility maximizers will doubt their preference for abstention and greatly overes...

objective: this study assessed the effect of paradox in family therapy.paradox, as a therapeutic tool, has been developed by a number of therapists,especially mara selvini palazzoli. metho d: this study benefited from the milan systems approach to family. two clients (both females) were selected for this study. these two girls were the symptomatic members of their families. the families partici...

I f the brain is the most complicated material object in the known universe, the mind is its most wondrous product (1). Precisely how the brain generates mental events is an unsolved mystery. The field of neuropsychiatry concerns itself with psychopathology caused by structural brain disease, brain electrical malfunction, and extrinsic toxic metabolic disturbances. As such, neuropsychiatry is i...