Since 1989 the Bank’s Operational Directive (OD) 4.01 Environmental Assessment and its successor documents OP/BP/G 4.0 have required that affected groups and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) be consulted as part of the environmental assessment of projects and particularly those with potentially significant impacts (Category A). The primary purpose of this provision is to protect the interes...

— One of the more overlooked aspects of globalization is the circulation of modern managerial practices and knowledges through transnational networks of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). In this paper, we offer an analytical framework for understanding the complex circulation of managerialism through dispersed networks of NGOs, connecting the spatially extensive international NGO (INGO) sec...

This paper investigates the conditions under which firms are able to develop and implement innovations with sustainable development benefits. In particular, we examine "green chemistry" innovations in the United States. Via interviews with green chemistry leaders from industry, academia, nongovernmental institutions (NGOs), and government, we identified six major categories of challenges common...

BACKGROUND In contrast to India's poor performance in palliative and end-of-life care, the state of Kerala has gained considerable attention for its palliative care (PC) policy. This study tried to understand the structure, organization, and delivery of the program currently offered to the rural population, and its conformity to the state's PC policy and guidelines for Local Self-government Ins...

 Inter-organizational collaboration has been linked to a range of important outcomes for collaborating organizations. The strategy literature emphasizes the way in which collaboration between organizations results in the sharing of critical resources and facilitates knowledge transfer. The learning literature argues that collaboration not only transfers existing knowledge among organiza...

International aid for conservation currently favours assisting projects promoting local-level solutions derived from 'community' initiatives. Nongovernmental organisations (NGOs) are fast becoming the preferred infrastructure through which such funding is channelled. This paper examines the role of environmental NGOs in 'community-based' conservation projects in Jamaica. Concepts of participati...

This paper proposes a theoretical explanation for the impact of ‘social expectation’ on the growth of civil society in Japan. Why has civil society developed as it has in Japan? Contrary to the image of Japan as a ‘strong and controlling’ nation-state, we find that private citizens—the nongovernmental organization (NGO) leaders, scholars on community planning, and younger liberal politicians—se...