options are limited and consist mostly of patient education, prognostication, limitation of further damage, and appropriate ear, nose, and throat (ENT) referral. The ear is surrounded by the middle cranial fossa superiorly, the mastoid air cells posteriorly, the cranial vault medially, and the temporomandibular joint and parotid glands anteriorly. Evaluation of these structures is a necessary p...

The AOCMF Classification Group developed a hierarchical three-level craniomaxillofacial classification system with increasing level of complexity and details. The highest level 1 system distinguish four major anatomical units, including the mandible (code 91), midface (code 92), skull base (code 93), and cranial vault (code 94). This tutorial presents the level 2 and more detailed level 3 syste...

BACKGROUND In rhinoplasty, functional and cosmetic problems of the nose are corrected. These problems cause imbalance between the nasal subunit and face. Throughout these deformities, there are 4 variants, so there is a need for careful preoperative evaluation either for treatment or prevention of the occurrence. According to functional and aesthetic effects of these variables in rhinoplasty, ...

BACKGROUND Hump reduction in aesthetic rhinoplasty destabilizes the middle vault. Secondary maneuvers are necessary to avoid the long-term functional and aesthetic sequelae of middle vault collapse. We describe a new technique of reinserting the resected hump that combines (a) placement of the modified hump between the upper laterals and (b) bridging sutures between the upper laterals. METHOD...

BACKGROUND In rhinoplasty, functional and cosmetic problems including imbalance between the nasal subunits and face are aimed to be corrected. So there is a need for careful preoperative evaluation and treatment of these patients. According to functional and aesthetic effects of these variables in rhinoplasty, evaluation of the frequency with focus to diagnostic methods was undertaken. METHOD...

A fossil from the Early Jurassic (Sinemurian, approximately 195 million years ago) represents a new lineage of mammaliaforms, the extinct groups more closely related to the living mammals than to nonmammaliaform cynodonts. It has an enlarged cranial cavity, but no postdentary trough on the mandible, indicating separation of the middle ear bones from the mandible. This extends the earliest recor...

BACKGROUND The conventional measuring method for glenoid version is greatly influenced by the scapular body shape that varies widely between patients. We postulated that the glenoid vault version could be more useful than the conventional glenoid version in clinical cases. OBJECTIVES The purposes of this study were to compare the values of glenoid version measured with the conventional method...

The result of transvaginal sacrospinous ligament fixation technique, as part of the vaginal repair procedure for massive uterovaginal (Pelvic Organ Prolapse stage III and stage IV and vault prolapse) is evaluated. A total of 32 women were included in the present case series. Marked uterovaginal prolapse was present in 28 women and four had vault prolapse following hysterectomy. Patients with va...