purpose : to determine the prevalence of refractive condition and its risk factors among students in mashhad . methods : a total of 2510 students representing a cross-sectional of the population of mashhad were sampled using random cluster sampling strategy. primary and middle school students underwent cycloplegic refraction. the refractive errors of high school students were measured using non...

Background. Sleep difficulties, including insufficient sleep and inadequate sleep hygiene, have been prevalent among children. Sleep deprivation can lead to poor grades, sleepiness, and moodiness. We undertook this study to assess the prevalence of sleep abnormalities among elementary and middle school students in South Texas and how the groups compare with one another. Method. After approval f...

This dissertation research focuses on assessing student behavior, academic emotions, and knowledge from a middle school online learning environment, and analyzing their potential effects on decisions about going to college. Using students’ longitudinal data ranging from their middle school, to high school, to postsecondary years, I leverage quantitative methodologies to investigate antecedents ...

Early adolescence is often marked by changes in school context, family relationships, and developmental processes. In the context of these changes, academic performance often declines, while at the same time the long-term implications of academic performance increase. In promoting achievement across elementary and secondary school levels, the significant role of families, family–school relation...

BACKGROUND Travel to and from school can be an important and regular source of physical activity for youth. Few US studies have documented the prevalence and correlates of walking and bicycling to school. OBJECTIVE To examine the prevalence and correlates of walking and bicycling to school among middle and high school youth. DESIGN Cross-sectional survey. SETTING Sixty middle schools and ...

The stellar role of women as healers during the Middle Ages has received some attention from medical historians but remains little known or appreciated. In the three centuries preceding the Renaissance, this role was heightened by two roughly parallel developments. The first was the evolution of European universities and their professional schools that, for the most part, systematically exclude...