Microglial inflammatory neuroregulatory activities affect the tempo of nigrostriatal degeneration during Parkinson's disease (PD). Such activities are induced, in part, by misfolded, nitrated alpha-synuclein (N-alpha-syn) within Lewy bodies released from dying or dead dopaminergic neurons. Such pathobiological events initiate innate and adaptive immune responses affecting neurodegeneration. We ...

Microglial cell migration and infiltration plays a critical role in spinal cord injury after thoracoabdominal aortic surgery. In our previous study, a-synuclein, a presynaptic protein was shown to be released from injured neurons and cause microglial cell activation. Here, we aimed to explore the effect of a-synuclein on microglial cell migration. Primary microglial cells were isolated from Spr...

Microglia is considered the only cell population of mesodermal origin, which comprises 10% of the cells in brain parenchyma. Recent neural stem cell (NSC) studies demonstrate that the brain has regenerative potential. NSCs do not give rise to microglial cells, however indicating that NSCs alone cannot complete the regenetion of the brain. Although the role of microglia is not fully understood, ...

Long distance migration of microglial precursors within the central nervous system is essential for microglial colonization of the nervous parenchyma. We studied morphological features of ameboid microglial cells migrating tangentially in the developing quail retina to shed light on the mechanism of migration and migratory behavior of microglial precursors. Many microglial precursors remained a...

Microglial cells are phagocytic cells of the central nervous system (CNS) and have been proposed to be a primary component of the innate immune response and maintain efficient CNS homeostasis. Microglial cells are activated during various phases of tissue repair and participate in various pathological conditions in the CNS. Following spinal cord injury (SCI), anoxemia is a key problem that resu...

Microglial cells play a critical role in the neuroinflammatory response that accompanies various diseases of the central nervous system, such as ischemic stroke, and ATP is a major signaling molecule regulating the response of these cells to these pathophysiological conditions. Experiments were carried out to determine the effects of afobazole on microglial function and to identify the molecula...

During neuroinflammation, activated microglial cells migrate toward dying neurons, where they exacerbate local cell damage. The signaling molecules that trigger microglial cell migration are poorly understood. In this paper, we show that pathological overstimulation of neurons by glutamate plus carbachol dramatically increases the production of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonylglycerol (2-AG) b...

Jimpy is a genetic disorder which results in a severe hypomyelination in the central nervous system associated with a variety of astroglial and oligodendroglial abnormalities. In this study, we examined the morphology and distribution of microglial cells in spinal cord sections from jimpy and normal mice at 10-12 and 20-22 days postnatal using a specific microglial marker, the nucleoside diphos...

Ameboid microglial cells migrate tangentially on the vitreal part of quail embryo retinas by crawling on Müller cell end-feet (MCEF) to which they adhere. These microglial cells can be cultured immediately after dissection of the eye and isolation of sheets containing the inner limiting membrane (ILM) covered by a carpet of MCEF (ILM/MCEF sheets), to which the cells remain adhered. Morphologica...