abstract background : pain is one of the main protests of inflammatory diseases, hence, understanding the mechanisms which involved in the induction and persistence of pain is essential. microglia is a contributing factor in the onset and maintenance of inflammation. increased microglial   activation increases the level of central pro-inflammatory cytokines and the development of central sensit...

introduction: stimulation of peptidergic fibers activates microglia in the dorsal horn. microglia activation causes fractalkine (fkn) release, a neuron-glia signal, which enhances pain. the transient vanilloid receptor 1 (trpv1) mediates the release of neuropeptides, which can subsequently activate glia. trpv1 and trpv2 are generally expressed on c and aδ fibers, respectively. expression of bot...

Microglia is considered the only cell population of mesodermal origin, which comprises 10% of the cells in brain parenchyma. Recent neural stem cell (NSC) studies demonstrate that the brain has regenerative potential. NSCs do not give rise to microglial cells, however indicating that NSCs alone cannot complete the regenetion of the brain. Although the role of microglia is not fully understood, ...

Abstract Microglia react to danger signals by rapid and targeted extension of cellular processes towards the source signal. This positive chemotactic response is accompanied a hyperpolarization microglia membrane. Here, we show that optogenetic depolarization has little effect on baseline motility, but significantly slows down response. Reducing extracellular Ca 2+ concentration mimics depolari...

objective(s):intermittent hypoxia (ih), caused by obstructive sleep apnea (osa), could cause hippocampus or neuron damage through multiple signaling pathways, while the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. thus, the present study aimed to explore the effect of ih on the biological functions of microglia cells. materials and methods:cell proliferation of bv2 cells after exposure to ih were o...

Glioblastoma multiform (GBM) is the most common and malignant form of glial tumors. GBM microenvironment contains various cell types showing characteristics of activated or dimorphic macrophages/microglia. Some of these cells provide significant help for tumor growth, while others are able to inhibit tumor progression. Microglia play a major role in brain function by monitoring tissue for patho...

Background: Microglial cells act as the sentinel of the central nervous system .They are involved in neuroprotection but are highly implicated in neurodegeneration of the aging brain. When over-activated, microglia release pro-inflammatory factors, such as nitric oxide (NO) and cytokines, which are critical in eliciting neuroinflammatory responses associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Thi...

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BackgroundTranscranial direct current stimulation [(t)DCS], modulates cortical excitability and promotes neuroplasticity. Microglia has been identified to respond electrical currents as well neuronal activity, but its response DCS is mostly unknown.ObjectiveThis study addresses effects of applied in vivo the sensorimotor cortex on physiological microglia properties neuron-microglia communicatio...

Microglia are the specialized population of macrophage-like cells brain. They play essential roles in both physiological and pathological brain functions. Most our current understanding microglia is based on experiments performed mouse. Human differ from mouse microglia, thus response characteristics may not always represent that human microglia. Further, due to ethical technical difficulties, ...