Gut microbes are immunologically tolerated in the gastrointestinal tract but trigger aggressive immune responses upon translocation across gut barrier. Although oral tolerance, a physiological process that dampens to food proteins and commensal microbiota, remains poorly defined, significant progress was made during after Human Immunodeficiency Virus epidemic 1980s discovery of regulatory T cel...

We prospectively studied 82 men and women with first episodes of genital ulceration. By using newer diagnostic techniques, a definite microbial etiology of 84 infections in 65 of the 82 patients evaluated was found. There were 33 cases of definite primary syphilis, 27 of definite chancroid, and 24 of definite genital herpes simplex. Conclusive evidence of more than one microbial etiology was fo...

BACKGROUND The microbial etiology of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is still not well characterized. During the past few years, polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods have been developed for many pathogens causing respiratory tract infections. The aim of this study was to determine the etiology of CAP among adults-especially the occurrence of mixed infections among patients with CAP-...