We propose a methodology for validating microarchitecture specifications. We view microarchitecture features as specific operations on entries of various buffers in the processor. Our validation approach is to determine the functionality of a buffer type, model its operations at the microarchitecture level using abstract finite state machine (FSM) models, and rigorously generate instruction seq...

Understanding the behavior of emerging workloads is important for designing next generation microprocessors. For addressing this issue, computer architects and performance analysts build benchmark suites of new application domains and compare the behavioral characteristics of these benchmark suites against well-known benchmark suites. Current practice typically compares workloads based on micro...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Dialysis patients are at high risk for low-trauma bone fracture. Bone density measurements using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) do not reliably differentiate between patients with and without fractures. The aim of this study was to identify differences in bone microarchitecture between patients with and without a history of fracture using high-resolution periph...

Context The maternal heritability of bone microarchitecture according to the sex of the offspring is not known. Objective To explore sex difference and influence of mother's menopausal status on the heritability of bone microarchitecture between mothers and their offspring. Subjects and Methods In 102 mother-daughter and 161 mother-son pairs, volumetric bone mineral density (BMD) and bone m...

Low bone mineral density (BMD) is a strong risk factor for vertebral fracture risk in osteoporosis. However, many fractures occur in people with moderately decreased or normal BMD. Our aim was to assess the contributions of trabecular microarchitecture and its heterogeneity to the mechanical behavior of human lumbar vertebrae. Twenty-one human L(3) vertebrae were analyzed for BMD by dual-energy...

Non-enzymatic glycation (NEG) and enzymatic biochemical processes create crosslinks that modify the extracellular matrix (ECM) and affect the turnover of bone tissue. Because NEG affects turnover and turnover at the local level affects microarchitecture and formation and removal of microdamage, we hypothesized that NEG in cancellous bone is heterogeneous and accounts partly for the contribution...

microarchitecture H. Q. Le W. J. Starke J. S. Fields F. P. O’Connell D. Q. Nguyen B. J. Ronchetti W. M. Sauer E. M. Schwarz M. T. Vaden This paper describes the implementation of the IBM POWER6e microprocessor, a two-way simultaneous multithreaded (SMT) dual-core chip whose key features include binary compatibility with IBM POWER5e microprocessor-based systems; increased functional capabilities...