Background: Premature birth is a major cause of infant mortality in developed countries. Newborns confined to neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) are in a rapid stage of brain development. As such, sleep plays a pivotal role in the proper brain development of newborns. However, this developmental aspect is often disregarded due to the lack of information. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the...

the paranasal sinuses are known to be a rare location for metastasis. renal cell carcinoma (rcc) is the most frequent primary tumor to metastasize to the sinonasal region, followed by lung and breast cancer. in particular, clear cell type rcc, which represents approximately 85% of rccs, is characterized by early metastasis, and it sometimes spreads to unusual sites (1, 2). metastatic tumors in ...

we have studied the patients who had a neck mass on presentation in five medical centers of tehran univ. of medical sciences (infectious disease department, ent department, dentistry faculty, cancer institute) during a period of 14 months. sixty patients, 20 women and 40 men, were eligible for our study. all patients underwent clinical and paraclinical work up and finally had histologic diagnos...

Laboratory mice are well capable of performing innate routine behaviour programmes necessary for courtship, nest-building and exploratory activities although housed for decades in animal facilities. We found that in mice inactivation of the clock gene Period1 profoundly changes innate routine behaviour programmes like those necessary for courtship, nest building, exploration and learning. These...

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1. Latitudinal variation in clutch sizes of birds is a well described, but poorly understood pattern. Many hypotheses have been proposed, but few have been experimentally tested, and none have been universally accepted by researchers. 2. The nest size hypothesis posits that higher nest predation in the tropics favours selection for smaller nests and thereby constrains clutch size by shrinking a...

Choice of nest site has important consequences for nest survival. We examined nest-site characteristics relative to nest success in Karoo Prinias breeding in coastal dwarf shrubland, where high nest predation is the main cause of nest failure. Initially, we compared nests that failed during the building, laying, incubation and nestling stages and those from which young were successfully raised,...

Ecologists have long hypothesized that fragmentation of tropical landscapes reduces avian nest success. However, this hypothesis has not been rigorously assessed because of the difficulty of finding large numbers of well-hidden nests in tropical forests. Here we report that in the East Usambara Mountains in Tanzania, which are part of the Eastern Arc Mountains, a global biodiversity hotspot, th...

In eusocial Hymenoptera, females are more tolerant towards nest-mate than towards non-nest-mate females. In solitary Hymenoptera, females are generally aggressive towards any conspecific female. Field observations of the nest biology of Manuelia postica suggested nest-mate recognition. Experiments were performed involving two live interacting females or one live female interacting with a dead f...

In human-modified environments, ecological traps may result from a preference for low-quality habitat where survival or reproductive success is lower than in high-quality habitat. It has often been shown that low reproductive success for birds in preferred habitat types was due to higher nest predator abundance. However, between-habitat differences in nest predation may only weakly correlate wi...