Xenin-25 (Xen) is a 25 amino acid neurotensin-related peptide reportedly produced with glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) by a subset of K cells in the proximal gut. We previously showed exogenously administered Xen, with GIP but not alone, increases insulin secretion in humans and mice. In mice, this effect is indirectly mediated via a central nervous system-independent choline...

The author examined the records of the seven defendants found not guilty by reason of insanity (NGI) under Utah's mens rea insanity law during the first two years of its operation. In all of the cases the attorneys, judges, and experts seemed unaware of the new law or confused about its meaning. Examination revealed that the findings of insanity were negotiated with either ignorance of or indif...

Most juridical systems contain the principle that an act is only unlawful if the agent conducting the act has a `guilty mind' (`mens rea'). Different law systems distinguish di erent modes of mens rea. For instance, American law distinguishes between `knowingly' performing a criminal act, `recklessness', `strict liability', etc. I will show we can formalize several of these categories. The form...

This paper describes a data structure, MENS (MEmory Net Structure), that is useful for storing semantic information stemming from a natural language, and a system, MENTAL (MEmory Net That Answers and Learns) that interacts with a user (human or program), stores information into and retrieves information from MENS and interprets some information in MENS as rules tel l ing it how to deduce new in...

The wrongs targeted by the criminal law need not reside in a defendant’s conduct and its effects (actus reus) or even in her willingness to allow or risk that conduct and its effects (mens rea as to actus reus). Rather, to a greater or lesser extent, wrongs may also reside in a species of mens rea that does not relate to the actus reus of an offence at all, but is rather ulterior to (goes beyon...

Concepts such as intention, motive, or forethought have generated a great deal of doubt, dispute, and confusion in legal decision making. Here we argue for an empirically based strategy of defining and using such mens rea concepts. Instead of the standard approach of settling these concepts by theoretical argument and the debaters' own intuitions, we rely on social psychological research to det...

The nanotechnology capable of high-specificity targeted delivery of anti-neoplastic drugs would be a significant breakthrough in Cancer in general and Ovarian Cancer in particular. We addressed this challenge through a new physical concept that exploited (i) the difference in the membrane electric properties between the tumor and healthy cells and (ii) the capability of magneto-electric nanopar...