Of all the nineteenth-century authors who examined the relationships between disease and geography, August Hirsch (1817-1894) was probably the most respected in his time, and is the best remembered today. During his career he was first a critic of, and then a contributor to, the literature on geographical medicine and medical geography. In the process he conceptualized the nature and scope of t...

Medical geography-the study of the global distribution of human diseases as a function of environmental conditions-was a largely nineteenth-century preoccupation. It incorporated the earlier and contemporaneously continuing interest of medical topography -the description of the medical conditions of particular places. Victorian medical geographers cited J F Cartheuser's De morbis endemiis libel...

Medical geography was an abiding but at times peripheral concern of the medical art in nineteenth-century France. This article reviews selected works of the major medical geographers and examines the conditions of their emergence. Only mildly concerned with the values of cartographic precision, the article lays a foundation for future investigations into the subliminal geography of the medical ...