Marginalization is one of the consequences of economic and social crises in Iran during recent years, which has caused many problems on the margin of large cities such as Tehran. Lack of living standards, as well as urban management supervision, have caused environmental problems to be one of the damages of these areas to its inhabitants and surrounding urban areas. Environmental degradations i...

This article analyzes the processes of marginalization young people in social structure and emergence marginal strata statuses. The author describes justifies state status modern community.

OF THE DISSERTATION Reasoning and Decisions in Probabilistic Graphical Models – A Unified Framework By Qiang Liu Doctor of Philosophy in Computer Science University of California, Irvine, 2014 Prof. Alexander Ihler, Chair Probabilistic graphical models such as Markov random fields, Bayesian networks and decision networks (a.k.a. influence diagrams) provide powerful frameworks for representing a...

Belief propagation is widely used in inference of graphical models. It yields exact solutions when the underlying graph is singly connected. When the graph contains loops, double-counting of evidence may degrade the accuracy of converged beliefs or even prohibit the convergence of messages. In this paper, we propose an exact belief propagation algorithm on Euler graphs. An Euler graph contains ...

We propose a novel confidence measure based on the marginalization of jointly estimated error cause probabilities. Conventional confidence measures directly score the reliability of recognition results. In contrast, our method first calculates joint confidence and error cause probabilities and then sums them with respect to the error cause patterns to obtain the marginal confidence probability....

Graphical models are widely used to encode conditional independence constraints and causal assumptions, the directed acyclic graph (DAG) being one of the most common types of models. However, DAGs are not closed under marginalization: that is, a chosen marginal of a distribution Markov to a DAG might not be representable with another DAG, unless one discards some of the structural independencie...

BACKGROUND Individuals with a history of suicide attempt have a high risk for subsequent labour market marginalization. This study aimed at assessing the effect of individual and parental factors on different measures of marginalization. METHODS Prospective cohort study based on register linkage of 5 649 individuals who in 1994 were 16-30 years old, lived in Sweden and were treated in inpatie...

The literature on the economics of airline codesharing has suggested that codeshare agreements serve to eliminate double marginalization that exists when unaffiliated airlines independently determine the price for different segments of an interline trip. Using a structural econometric model, this paper investigates whether codeshare contracts do eliminate double marginalization. The results sug...