in managing organizations as complex social systems that their core includes of human interactions or their complicated patterns of behavior, the precise definition of problem is very important; because interactions between organizations cause to emerging complex relationship networks which in it formal patterns are always affected by informal relationship networks. this paper analyses the form...

The ‘global city hypothesis’ proposed by Saskia Sassen – and subsequently developed by Manuel Castells and others in the theory of a globalized urban network – has in recent years formed the basis for the argument that power and control in transnational firms (TNCs) is primarily situated in global head-offices. Such offices are located in key urban centres such as London, New York or Tokyo wher...

Research findings showing the ubiquity of Pareto and ‘power-law’ distributions in the social and organisational worlds underlie increasing calls for complexity-driven ideas to be applied more frequently to organisational and management research. Power laws indicate well-formed Pareto distributions. Given that the world of business is, then, quite likely Paretian rather than Gaussian, phenomena ...