Reverse osmosis (RO) elements operating at a low pressure (LP) or a low energy (LE) are generally called “LPRO” or “LERO”, and the nomenclature “LP” and “LE” are convertible due to the interrelated features of the pressure and the energy in the RO process. Not only can LPRO be operated at lower pressures, which enables energy saving, but also at the standard operating pressure with an enhanced ...

The typical smelting wastewater is with characteristics of high concentration TDS, conductivity, heavy metal ions, and low COD. ultrafiltration (UF) reverse osmosis (RO) an attractive technology to reclaim reuse this kind wastewater. In work, Coagulation-flocculation-sedimentation (CFS) multi-media filter (MMF) was used as the pretreatment processes. UF, RO (CRO) processes applied advanced trea...

Membrane fouling encountered in reclamation of municipal wastewater represents serious design and operational concern. Fouling occurs because the municipal effluent, after secondary treatment, contains high concentrations of suspended particles, colloids and high level of biological activity. Application of membrane technology for treatment of municipal wastewater requires very extensive pretre...

introductioncurrently, treated industrial wastewater is discharged to the environment in most industrial towns in iran. it is, however, a potential water resource for produce industrial process water. for reach this reuse application, further treatment would be needed. nowadays membrane separation processes are becoming quite popular in wastewater treatment and reclamation, since they combine p...

This paper investigates the separation process of two estrogenic hormones, estrone and estradiol, using eight commercial NF and low pressure RO membranes. The results indicate that the separation mechanism of estrone and estradiol in membrane filtration processes is similar. While estrogenic hormone retention by more porous membranes decreases with decreasing adsorption and the subsequent reten...

The principle of ultrafiltration (UF) is filtration of solutions or suspensions under pressure through a semipermeable membrane. The membrane has pores that allow the solvent and small molecules to pass through and the larger molecules to be retained. Ultrafiltration may therefore be considered as both a concentration and a fractionation process according to the particular components of interes...

Reverse osmosis (RO) has been widely applied in various water and wastewater treatment processes as a promising membrane technology. However, RO membrane fouling is a global issue, which limits it operating flux, decreases water production, increases power consumption and requires periodical membranes Cleaning-in-Place (CIP) procedure. This may result in low effectiveness, high cost and adds en...