We report an eye movement experiment investigating the influence of the focus operator only on syntactic processing of "long" relative clause sentences. Paterson, Liversedge, and Underwood (1999) found that readers were garden pathed by "short" reduced relative clause sentences containing the focus operator only. They argued that due to thematic differences between "short" and "long" relative c...

This study investigated the effectiveness of reactive incidental focus on form (FonF) for each learner with regard to different linguistic categories in meaning-oriented EFL classes. To this end, 30 hr of meaningful interactions of upper-intermediate EFL learners were audio-recorded in 2 free discussion classes. Instances of reactive incidental focus-on-form episodes (FFEs), where teachers offe...

In machine translation, parsing of long English sentences still causes some problems, whereas for short sentences a good machine translation system usually can generate readable translations. In this paper a practical method is presented for parsing long English sentences of some patterns. The rules for the patterns are treated separately from the augmented context free grammar, where each cont...

The state has a constitutional duty to respect, promote and protect the rights of citizens. To this end, every citizen right dignity, equality, freedom security person. Allied thereto is that they will not be subjected punishment cruel, inhuman, degrading, among others. With advent democracy, South Africa inherited host challenges one these was explosion violent crime. Mandatory minimum sentenc...

The two problems of measuring the semantic similarity (MSS) between sentences and generating a similar sentence (GSS) for given one are particularly challenging. Since these naturally have logical connections, this article proposes algorithms to deal with them together. main contributions in four aspects. 1) We propose new algorithm called syntactic long short-term memory (SSLSTM) computing sim...