This study shows that ichonology can be used to refine sequence stratigraphy as well as to interpret the depositional environment of the Kalat Formation (Upper Maastrichtian) in the Central Kopeh- Dagh Basin (NE Iran), Dareh-Gaz section. Field studies and petrography of these deposits led to recognize four lithofacies and nine subfacies that formed in the tidal flat (lithofacies A), lagoon (lit...

Lithofacies identi®cation supplies qualitative information about rocks. Lithofacies represent rock textures and are important components of hydrocarbon reservoir description. Traditional techniques of lithofacies identi®cation from core data are costly and di€erent geologists may provide di€erent interpretations. In this paper, we present a lowcost intelligent system consisting of three adaptiv...

Although shale gas plays have been in the spotlight recently, natural gas in tight sandstones is actually also an important hydrocarbon resource. In many cases, tight gas sandstone resources can be developed more easily than shale gas reservoirs as the rocks generally have higher quartz content, and are more brittle and easier to complete for production. This chapter first gives an overview of ...

Geostatistics has become a preferred tool for the identification of lithofacies from sparse data, such as measurements of hydraulic conductivity and porosity. Recently we demonstrated that the support vector machine (SVM), a tool from machine learning, can be readily adapted for this task, and offers significant advantages. On the conceptual side, the SVM avoids the use of untestable assumption...

this study shows that ichonology can be used to refine sequence stratigraphy as well as to interpret the depositional environment of the kalat formation (upper maastrichtian) in the central kopeh- dagh basin (ne iran), dareh-gaz section. field studies and petrography of these deposits led to recognize four lithofacies and nine subfacies that formed in the tidal flat (lithofacies a), lagoon (lit...

this study shows that ichonology can be used to refine sequence stratigraphy as well as to interpret the depositional environment of the kalat formation (upper maastrichtian) in the central kopeh- dagh basin (ne iran), dareh-gaz section. field studies and petrography of these deposits led to recognize four lithofacies and nine subfacies that formed in the tidal flat (lithofacies a), lagoon (lit...

BACKGROUND Taphonomic study of marine vertebrate remains has traditionally focused on single skeletons, lagerstätten, or bonebed genesis with few attempts to document environmental gradients in preservation. As such, establishment of a concrete taphonomic model for shallow marine vertebrate assemblages is lacking. The Neogene Purisima Formation of Northern California, a richly fossiliferous uni...

Travertine deposits are a kind of continental carbonates that form in specific chemical, physical and biological conditions. Garab travertines in southeast of Mashhad are studied based on field, geochemistry (elemental and stable isotope analysis) and hydro-geochemistry analysis. Field and petrographic characterization led to recognize of crystalline crust, raft, foam, shrub, laminated, black m...

Reservoir zonation is the most important job in oil industry which dominantly relies on the major properties of rocks. Fundamental properties of rocks are usually understood by their detailed description in the field (lithofacies analysis) and laboratory (petrofacies analysis). The facies (lithofacies and petrofacies) determination in most subsurface studies is impractical, due to lack of cores...

This paper proposes a novel approach to the question of lithofacies classification based on an assessment of the uncertainty in the classification results. The proposed approach has multiple neural networks (NN), and interval neutrosophic sets (INS) are used to classify the input well log data into outputs of multiple classes of lithofacies. A pair of n-class neural networks are used to predict...